Saul Amarel, 74, an Innovator in Artificial Intelligence, Is Dead. By Eric Nagourney. The New York Times (December 22, 2002; no fee reg. req'd). "Dr. Saul Amarel, who helped develop the field of artificial intelligence and founded the computer science department at Rutgers University, died on Wednesday in Princeton, N.J., where he lived. ... Among his peers, Dr. Amarel was perhaps best known for a paper he wrote in 1968, which put him at the vanguard of the artificial intelligence movement. Decades later, the importance of the paper may be hard to understand. It concerned the way one might program a computer to solve a brain-teaser well known to mathematicians that involves three cannibals, three missionaries and a boat that seats only two. The challenge for the missionaries is to transport the cannibals across a river without ever letting any of their party be outnumbered -- and eaten. Solving the problem was not really the point. That had already been done. What Dr. Amarel set out to do was to create an approach that did not rely on a mechanical crunching of numbers, but instead used an algorithm that allowed the computer to figure out a solution in a manner more akin to human reasoning. ... Saul Amarel was born in Salonika, Greece, and moved with his family to what became Israel ... fought in Israel's war of independence, then went to Columbia University,"

• In Memoriam: Saul Amarel. By Tom Mitchell and Casimir A. Kulikowski. AI Magazine 24(1): Spring 2003, 6-12.
• Artificial intelligence pioneer Saul Amarel of Rutgers dies at 74. Associated Press / available from Newsday / also available from CBS 2 (December 19, 2002). "He was known internationally for his work in computer simulation methods, network synthesis and 'hypercomputing,' and for organizing collaborations of scientists to use artificial intelligence. ... [H]e also ran the National Institutes of Health's first project on use of computers in such diverse fields as biomedicine, engineering design and ecology.... Amarel served as director of the Information Sciences and Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Projects Agency from 1985 to 1988."
• Oral history interview by Arthur L. Norberg, 5 October 1989, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. "Amarel begins the interview with a discussion of his interest in artificial intelligence (AI) and his early research in the field while at Radio Corporation of America. He provides a brief overview AI research at Carnegie-Mellon University and Stanford University in the 1960s and his establishment of the computer science program at Rutgers University in the early 1970s. Amarel also discusses the relationship of AI to computer science. The bulk of the interview concerns the Information Processing Techniques Office's (IPTO) support of research in computer science and artificial intelligence. The primary topics of this discussion are IPTO and Amarel's recruitment as director in 1985, the importance of strategic computing, the creation of the Information Science and Technology Office (ISTO) and the budgeting process for ISTO. Amarel concludes with his thoughts on current directions in AI research."

In Memoriam: Frank Anger. AI Magazine 25(3): Fall 2004, 9. "Frank Anger died in a tragic automobile accident on July 7, 2004. He was Deputy Director of the Division of Computing and Communications Foundations in the Directorate of Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) at the National Science Foundation (NSF). ... Together with his wife and long-term research collaborator Rita Rodriguez, he was the principal organizer of a series of workshops on spatial and temporal reasoning held at the world’s major artificial intelligence conferences each year since 1993.

Woody Bledsoe: His Life and Legacy. By Michael Ballantyne, Robert S. Boyer, and Larry Hines. (1996) AI Magazine 17(1): Spring 1996, 7-20. "Woodrow Wilson (Woody) Bledsoe died on 4 October 1995 of ALS, more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Woody was one of the founders of AI, making early contributions in pattern recognition and automated reasoning. He continued to make significant contributions to AI throughout his long career. His legacy consists not only of his scientific work but also of several generations of scientists who learned from Woody the joy of scientific research and the way to go about it. Woody's enthusiasm, his perpetual sense of optimism, his can-do attitude, and his deep sense of duty to humanity offered those who knew him the hope and comfort that truly good and great men do exist."

Anita Borg, Trailblazer for Women in Computer Field, Dies at 54. By Katie Hafner. The New York Times (April 10, 2003; no fee reg. req'd.). "Although highly respected as a computer scientist, Dr. Borg made her biggest mark as a champion and mentor of women in what has traditionally been a man's field. Through the several programs she founded, she became virtually synonymous with involving women in the emerging science. In 1987, after returning from a technical conference where she was one of only a handful of women present, Dr. Borg started Systers, an electronic mailing list on technical subjects exclusively for women who are engineers. ... The Systers list has since grown to include more than 2,500 women in 38 countries. ... In 1994, Dr. Borg was co-founder of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women, a conference held every two years focusing on the research and career interests of women in computing."

• Also see: Computer scientist Anita Borg dies. By Alorie Gilbert. CNET News (April 8, 2003).

Max Clowes. Experiencing Computation: A tribute to Max Clowes (Originally appeared in Computing in Schools 1981) By Aaron Sloman. Abstract: "Max Clowes (pronounced as if spelt Clues, or Klews) was one of the pioneers of AI vision research in the UK. He inspired and helped to develop Artificial Intelligence and computational Cognitive Science at he University of Sussex. In 1981 he tragically died, shortly after leaving the University in order to work on computing in Schools. This paper was originally published in 1981. The version here has had some footnotes referring to subsequent developments." (Also available in other formats.)

Kenneth M. Colby; Psychiatrist Was Computer Therapy Pioneer. By Myrna Oliver. The Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2001. "His first foray into combining [psychiatry and computer science] came in the late 1960s, when he was working at Stanford University under a career scientist research fellowship from the National Institute of Mental Health. Heading a team of graduate students, Colby created PARRY, a computer model of paranoid thinking, in the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory."

Michael L. Dertouzos, 64, Computer Visionary, Dies. By John Schwartz. The New York Times, August 30, 2001. "Though he worked in some of the highest realms of computer science, Mr. Dertouzos always insisted that technology be designed to serve people and not the other way around. In 1999, for example, the labs announced the 'Oxygen Project,' a $50 million effort undertaken with the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to make computers easier to use, the institute said, and 'as natural a part of our environment as the air we breathe.'"

• Commentary - Farewell to a Visionary of the Computer Age. Business Week Online (September 17, 2001).
• Remembering Technology's Humanist. MIT Technology Review (September 6, 2001).

Edsger Dijkstra 72, Physicist Who Shaped Computer Era, Dies. By John Markoff. The New York Times, August 10, 2002 (no fee reg. req'd). "Dr. Dijkstra is best known for his shortest-path algorithm, a method for finding the most direct route on a graph or map, and for his work as the co-designer of the first version of Algol 60, a programming language that represented one of the first compiler programs that translates human instructions. ... Of even greater importance was his solution to what he originally called the dining quintuple problem, but which later became known as the dining philosophers' problem. ... Dr. Dijkstra, an advocate of an approach known as structured programming, wrote a short research note in the March 1968 edition of the journal Communications of the ACM that became legendary. Titled 'The GO TO Considered Harmful,' it argued against the complexity of a feature in programming languages like Fortran and Basic that permitted programmers to write convoluted programs that jump around haphazardly."

• "Dijkstra and his wife also enjoyed exploring U.S. state and national parks in their Volkswagen camper van, called the Touring Machine. Dijkstra was the 1972 recipient of the Association for Computing Machinery's Turing Award, often viewed as the Nobel Prize for computing." - Computer science pioneer Dijkstra dies. By Rupert Goodwins. CNET (August 8, 2002).
• Here are some of the quotations that are attibuted to him:
  • "The question of whether a computer can think is no more interesting than the question of whether a submarine can swim."
  • "The use of COBOL cripples the mind; its teaching should, therefore, be regarded as a criminal offence."
  • Also see his entry in our collection of Quotations.

Robert Engelmore:

• In Memoriam: Robert Engelmore. By Bruce G. Buchanan, Thomas C. Rindfleisch, and Edward A Feigenbaum. AI Magazine 24(2): Summer 2003, 15-20. "Robert S. (Bob) Engelmore, who retired in 1998 from the Knowledge Systems Laboratory at Stanford University, died in an ocean accident in Hawaii on March 25, 2003. As the second editor of AI Magazine, he guided its development from 1981 to 1991; he was also elected a fellow of AAAI in 1992. He had been involved in many aspects of AI and was respected for his uncommon common sense and good humor."
• April 27 memorial set for computer scientist Bob Engelmore. By Dawn Levy. Stanford Report (April 22, 2003). "Engelmore, 68, had been swimming in a rock-rimmed shoreline pool with his 5-year-old grandson, Jack, when they and other swimmers were overwhelmed by giant waves. Engelmore helped lift the child to safety but was pulled out to sea by currents. By the time lifeguards reached him, his heart had stopped beating. ... Engelmore came to Stanford in 1970 as a research associate in the Computer Science Department. He worked on the first expert system, DENDRAL, which had applications in physical chemistry. ... 'In the field of artificial intelligence, he was the widely respected editor who guided the early growth of AI Magazine, the main publication of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence,' [Ed] Feigenbaum explained. 'His most influential publication was the anthology Blackboard Systems that he co-edited with A. Morgan.'"

In Memoriam: John G. Gaschnig. By Nils J. Nilsson (1982). AI Magazine 3(2): Spring 1982, 2. "John Gaschnig was best known lately for his work on expert systems, notably the PROSPECTOR geological exploration system developed at SRI Internation."

Alistair Holden; UW professor pioneered artificial intelligence. By Carole Beers. Seattle Times, February 9, 1999. "'He was one of the people who brought the study of computer science to the University of Washington and helped created the program,' said Ed Lazowska, computer science and engineering department chair. 'Internationally, he was one of the founders of the field of artificial intelligence. He constantly pumped energy into the young people in the field.' Mr. Holden chaired the first International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence in 1969 in Washington, D.C. ... Mr. Holden began the Minority Introduction to Engineering (MITE) program at the UW, said his daughter, Marte Menz of Mercer Island. 'It was a summer program for high-achieving minority high-school students that were interested in engineering. He did that for 20 years until just last summer.'"

In Memorium: Jonathan J. King. By Bruce Buchanan (1991). AI Magazine 12(2): Summer 1991, 6. "Jonathan was torn between C.P. Snow's two cultures of science and the humanities. ... He never abandoned his social conscience, but he was looking for ways to reconcile that with his responsibilities in the technical world."

Christopher Longuet-Higgins - Cognitive scientist with a flair for chemistry. Obituary by Chris Darwin.The Guardian (June 10, 2004). "Christopher Longuet-Higgins, who has died [March 27, 2004] aged 80, was not only a brilliant scientist in two distinct areas - theoretical chemistry and cognitive science - but also a gifted amateur musician, keen to advance the scientific understanding of the art. ... In 1967, as a result of a growing interest in the brain and the new field of artificial intelligence, Christopher made a dramatic change in direction and moved to Edinburgh to co-found the department of machine intelligence and perception, together with Richard Gregory and Donald Michie. It was Christopher who, in 1973, was the first to name this field more broadly as 'cognitive science'. ... As time went on, tensions arose between the founding members of the department at Edinburgh - partly a reflection of intellectual differences regarding the future direction of artificial intelligence - which resulted in a contentious review of the field by Christopher's old Wykehamist colleague Sir James Lighthill. At the instigation of Stuart Sutherland, Christopher made the decision to move to the experimental psychology department at Sussex University. There, he continued his work in cognitive science and made major contributions in vision, language production and music perception."

David Marr (a short biography), by S. Edelman and L. M. Vaina, International Encyclopaedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Pergamon, 2001 (to appear).

Robert William Milne dies on Everest. EverestNews.com (June 5, 2005). "As per the report of Liaison Officer and the concerned trekking agency, the following one member ... died at the altitude of 8450 m. on the way to the summit of Mt. Everest on 5th June 2005. 1. Mr. Robert William Milne (49 yrs.), Software Engineer, Livingston, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. ... EverestNews.com spoke with Rob several time before he left for Everest. ... Rob was very interested in new technology that might save climbers lives."

• AAAI Member News. By Carol Hamilton. AI Magazine 26(3): Fall 2005, 7. "AAAI notes with deep regret the death on June 5, 2005 of Rob Milne, longtime member of AAAI and AI Magazine editorial board member. Milne died while climbing Mount Everest. ... Milne earned international respect for his innovative work in adapting AI as a practical aid to industry and in bridging the gap between the research laboratory and the factory floor. He was considered a leader in the effort to promote artificial intelligent applications. Even during his ascent on Mount Everest, he was testing a communications system called IMPACs...."
• In Memorium - Robert Milne (1956-2005). By Sara Reese Hedberg. IEEE Intelligent Systems, (September/October 2005; 20(3): 10-11).
• Everest resting place for climber. BBC News (June 6, 2005). "Mrs Milne said her US-born husband had died while fulfilling his lifetime dream. She said: ...'Robert died at the top, doing what he loved. That brings me some comfort.'... Professor Austin Tate told BBC Radio's Good Morning Scotland programme that Dr Milne had a distinguished career as a scientist, working for a period as the Pentagon's chief scientist on artificial intelligence (AI). He said: 'Rob was very well known in all of the communities he played a part in. I'm part of the academic and scientific work he did on artificial intelligence but he was involved in so many other activities in Scotland - in business, the information technology sector, the mountaineering sector. He really was one of the strongest people engaged in AI applications throughout Europe. He'd formed a very successful business and had been doing this work for several years.'"
• Robert William Milne, artificial intelligence pioneer and mountaineer; born July 13, 1956, died June 5, 2005. By Polly Purvis. The Herald (June 7, 2005). "Rob Milne was one of the key figures promoting applications of artificial intelligence over the past 25 years and was instrumental in moving artificial intelligence (AI) from the computing research laboratory out into the world of industry. A member of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence and the British Computer Society, he was chairman of the European co-ordinating committee for artificial intelligence, the largest AI umbrella organisation in the world. He was a member of the national committee for the British Computer Society specialist group on artificial intelligence. He was also a director of ScotlandIS, the trade body for the software industry in Scotland. ... He led the development of Intelligent Applications' key product, Tiger, a knowledge-based gas turbine condition monitoring system since its inception and was responsible for its commercialisation, which is now on a global scale."
• Rob Milne: Single-minded AI scientist. Obituary by Alan Bundy and Austin Tate. The Independent (June 9, 2005). "Milne's life was characterised by setting very ambitious goals and single-mindedly pursuing them until he succeeded. His prominence in AI and software engineering and the achievements and accolades that followed are testament to his vision and tenacity. He led, inspired and befriended many of the people he met."
• Robert Milne (July 13, 1956 - June 5, 2005): Mountain-climbing entrepreneur who set new limits in artificial intelligence and summit-bagging. Times Online (July 5, 2005).
• Milne, 49, died scaling Everest. By Clayton Woullard, Rocky Mountain News (July 5, 2005). "'He liked to solve problems, so artificial intelligence gave him the tools to solve problems that people hadn't really thought about,' [his sister] Diana Milne said."

Katherine "Kate" Murphy, 1987–2005. "Long-time participants in AAAI and IJCAI (International Joint Conference on AI) robotics competitions will surely remember Kate Murphy. Kate would accompany her mother, Robin, and help her demonstrate rescue robots in those events' early days. Declared the unofficial mascot of many teams, Kate also had an onstage role as the 'rescue victim' in many of her mom's demos, something she wrote about in a short book chapter she published, at age 12, and which we reproduce here with the kind permission of Academic Press.... Kate passed away on 23 January 2005 from complications of a kidney defect...." - from James Hendler's In Memoriam which accompanies Kate's book chapter: Trapped with Robots. IEEE Intelligent Systems (May/June 2005; 20(3): 10-11).

Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 - July 19, 1992).

• In Pursuit of Mind: The Research of Allen Newell. By John E. Laird and Paul S. Rosenbloom. (1992). AI Magazine 13(4): Winter 1992, 17-45. A brief review of Allen Newell's research career, starting with symbolic computation in 1954, and continuing through the present involving Soar and its ramifications. Included within the article is a remembrance of Allen Newell written by Herbert Simon.
• A Biographical Memoir by Herbert A. Simon. Part of the National Academy of Sciences' collection of Biographical Memoirs."With the death from cancer on July 19, 1992, of Allen Newell the field of artificial intelligence lost one of its premier scientists, who was at the forefront of the field from its first stirrings to the time of his death and whose research momentum had not shown the slightest diminution up to the premature end of his career. ... If you asked Allen Newell what he was, he would say, 'I am a scientist.' He played that role almost every waking hour of every day of his adult life. How would he have answered the question, 'What kind of scientist?' We humans have long been obsessed with four great questions: the nature of matter, the origins of the universe, the nature of life, the workings of mind. Allen Newell chose for his life's work answering the fourth of these questions. He was a person who not only dreamt but gave body to his dream, brought it to life. He had a vision of what human thinking is. He spent his life enlarging that vision, shaping it, materializing it in a sequence of computer programs that exhibited the very intelligence they explained."
• Allen Newell Collection. A full-text digital archive from Carnegie Mellon Libraries.
• Allen Newell. Oral history interview by Arthur L. Norberg, 10-12 June 1991, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

In Memoriam: Norman Nielsen. By Ray Perrault. AI Magazine 24(1): Spring 2003, 6-12. "Norman Nielsen, the secretary-treasurer of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) since 1992, died at his home on 25 December 2002. Since 1975, Norm was an information technology consultant for SRI International and its subsidiaries ... a seasoned traveler ... a devoted outdoorsman ... and a lifelong lover of trains."

In Memoriam: Dennis O'Connor (1938-1992). By Raj Reddy. AI Magazine 13(2): Summer 1992, 8. "Dennis was recently recognized by the American Association for Artificial Intelligence with the first-ever annual Outstanding Contribution Award for Innovative Artificial Intelligence Applications."

In Memoriam: Robin John Popplestone. AI Magazine 25(2): Summer 2004, 5. "Robin John Popplestone, one of the early pioneers in robotics and computer programming languages, died on April 14, 2004, in Glasgow, Scotland. ... In 1990, he was selected as a founding fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence in recognition of his seminal contributions to AI."

In Memorium: Kvetoslav "Slava" Prazdny. By Mike Baird, Perry W. Thorndyke, Jay M. Tenenbaum (1987). AI Magazine 8(4): Winter 1987, 105. "Kvetoslav 'Slava' Prazdny, who died September 19, 1987 in a hang-gliding accident in the California mountains, was recognized internationally as an expert in many aspects of human and machine perception. He had published over 60 articles reporting research in human perception, stereo vision, image processing, robotics, perceptual reasoning and learning, adaptive neural networks, and psychophysics. A redwood tree in Big Basin State Park is dedicated in his memory."

In Memory of Ray Reiter (1939-2002). By Fiora Pirri, Geoffrey Hinton, and Hector Levesque. AI Magazine 23(4): Winter, 2002, 93. "Ray dedicated his life to his research with the wonder of a child, the fearlessness of an explorer, the precision of a mathematician, and the tirelessness of a researcher who found shallowness and confusion intolerable. He leaves a legacy of groundbreaking, deep insights that have changed the course of AI."

• In Memoriam: Raymond Reiter. By Jack Minker. AI Magazine 24(1): Spring 2003, 13-18. "Raymond Reiter, a professor of computer science at the University of Toronto, a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and winner of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 1993 Outstanding Research Scientist Award, died September 16, 2002, after a year-long struggle with cancer. Reiter, known throughout the world as 'Ray,' made foundational contributions to artifial intelligence, knowledge representation and databases, and theorem proving."

Charles Rosen, 85, Engineer and Winemaker Is Dead. By Frank J. Prial. The New York Times (December 29, 2002; no fee reg. req'd). "Charles A. Rosen, an engineer who was an early researcher in robotic and artificial intelligence and a founder of Ridge Vineyards in Cupertino, Calif., died on Dec. 8 at his home in Atherton, Calif. ... Born in Montreal, Mr. Rosen came to the United States as a teenager. ... During World War II, he returned to Canada to work on Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft being sent to Britain. After the war, he worked on transistor theory at General Electric Research Laboratories in Schenectady, N.Y., and was the coauthor of an early book on the subject. In the 1950's he moved to California to join the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, where his efforts included projects to develop 'neural networks,' learning machines based on the organization of the biological brain rather than on digital computers. With other institute scientists, he developed one of the early mobile, intelligent robots."

• In Memoriam: Charles Rosen. By Peter E. Hart and Nils J. Nilsson. AI Magazine 24(1): Spring 2003, 6-12.
• Charles Rosen -- expert on robots, co-founder of winery. By Wyatt Buchanan. San Francisco Chronicle (December 20, 2002). "Charles Rosen, who pioneered artificial intelligence in the 1960s and 1970s and helped found one of California's best known wineries, died in Atherton on Dec. 8, one day after his 85th birthday. ... Mr. Rosen did his groundbreaking artificial intelligence work while at Stanford Research Institute, known now as SRI International, a Menlo Park nonprofit research and development organization. His success came from his ability to find the edge of creative thought and innovation in his discipline and to push past the known limits, friends and colleagues say, developing things like neural networks in machines and Shakey, the first robot to see and learn on its own."
• A.I. research pioneer dies. San Mateo County Times (December 25, 2002). "Rosen created 'Shakey,' the first mobile robot that could reason about its actions. In 1966, Shakey was equipped with a television camera, range finder, collision detectors, and a reasoning program that allowed it to execute simple tasks such as moving a box around a room. 'It was the first robot that had the ability to make plans and perceive its environment,' said Nils Nilsson, emeritus professor of computer science at Stanford University. ... Rosen was also an accomplished winemaker and co-founded Ridge Vineyards with some scientist friends. ...He also started a company that sold a mix for making pickles at home and two years ago invented a device to dispense inhaled drugs."
• Charles Rosen, 85; Pioneer in Artificial-Intelligence Research. By Elaine Woo. The Los Angeles Times (December 24, 2002; no fee reg. req'd). "Rosen was raised by his mother in what he often described as the 'red light district' of Montreal, Canada. Although his family was poor, he read every book and magazine he could find about electronics. He set up a laboratory above the candy store his mother operated and with a friend used tin foil, pencil lead and scrap parts to build crystal radios. Unable to afford college, he moved to the United States and worked as a waiter in the Catskills. While waiting on tables, he met a professor who told him about Cooper Union College, the private, tuition-free school in New York City founded by a workingman's wealthy son."

In memoriam Azriel Rosenfeld [1931-2004]. Center for Automation Research, University of Maryland. "Azriel Rosenfeld was a tenured Research Professor, a Distinguished University Professor, and Director of the Center for Automation Research at the University of Maryland in College Park.... Dr. Rosenfeld was widely regarded as the leading researcher in the world in the field of computer image analysis. Over a period of nearly 40 years he made many fundamental and pioneering contributions to nearly every area of that field. He wrote the first textbook in the field (1969); was founding editor of its first journal (1972); and was co-chairman of its first international conference (1987). ... [H]e was a founding Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (1990)...."

• Azriel Rosenfeld Dies at 73; Digital Image Analysis Expert. By Patricia Sullivan. The Washington Post (February 27, 2004; Page B06).
• In Memoriam: Azriel Rosenfeld. AI Magazine 25(2): Summer 2004, 5. "He was a founding fellow (1990) of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence."

Arthur Samuel. By John McCarthy (with additional material by Ed Feigenbaum). "Arthur Samuel (1901-1990) was a pioneer of artificial intelligence research. From 1949 through the late 1960s, he did the best work in making computers learn from their experience. His vehicle for this was the game of checkers. Programs for playing games often fill the role in artificial intelligence research that the fruit fly Drosophila plays in genetics."

Claude Shannon.Time Magazine, March 12, 2001 (Vol. 157, No. 10). "His later work with chess-playing machines helped create the field of artificial intelligence."

• Claude Shannon, Mathematician, Dies at 84. By George Johnson. The New York Times (February 27, 2001; no fee reg. req'd).
• Claude Shannon: Reluctant Father of the Digital Age. By M. Mitchell Waldrop. MIT Technology Review (July/August 2001).
• Claude Shannon (b. 1916) Bit Player. By James Gleick. New York Times Magazine (December 30, 2001; no-fee registration req'd). "Shannon is the father of information theory, an actual science devoted to messages and signals and communication and computing. The advent of information theory can be pretty well pinpointed: July 1948, the Bell System Technical Journal, his landmark paper titled simply 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication.'
  • "Claude Shannon's 'A mathematical theory of communication' was first published in two parts in the July and October 1948 editions of the Bell System Technical Journal." Bell Labs offers the BSTJ version of this paper ("with a number of corrections").
• Claude E. Shannon: Founder of Information Theory. By Graham P. Collins. Scientific American Explore (October 14, 2002).

Herbert A. Simon. Father of artificial intelligence and Nobel Prize winner. Obituary (February 10, 2001) By Byron Spice, Science Editor, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. "Herbert A. Simon, whose curiosity about how people make decisions helped lay the groundwork for such fields as artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology and won him the 1978 Nobel Prize in economics, died yesterday at age 84."

• Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon Dies at Age 84 - Obituary. 22(1): Spring 2001, 4. "AAAI Fellow Herbert A. Simon, winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize in economics and many prestigious international scientific awards for his work in cognitive psychology and computer science, died February 9, 2001, at the age of 84. Simon's research ranged from computer science to psychology, administration and economics. The thread of continuity through all of his work was his interest in human decision-making and problem solving processes and the implications of these processes for social institutions. He made extensive use of the computer as a tool for simulating human thinking, and was widely considered to be a founder of the field of artificial intelligence."
• Nobel Laureate Herbert A. Simon Dies at Age 84. Carnegie Mellon Web News Stories (February 2001)
• Obituary. The Economist. (February 22, 2001). "His strictly scientific aims, he said, were limited to using computers to understand how humans think, and as an aid to human thinking. What about the soul? No one, he said, would tell him what the soul was. When someone did, he said thoughtfully, he would program one."
• A Life of the Mind: Remembering Herb Simon. By David Klahr and Kenneth Kotovsky. APS Observer (April 2001). "Herb lived a simple life. He walked to work from his home a mile from Carnegie Mellon. He hated air conditioning, refused to move his office into the renovated wings of our building, and for years after the dissemination of word-processors, continued to type his manuscripts on a manual typewriter. His home was warm and inviting but not in the least pretentious. His life was a life of the mind. He inhabited his office for long hours on weekdays and weekends as well. Entering that office was an intellectual adventure."
• Herbert A. Simon: AI Pioneer. By Scott L. Anderson. IEEE Intelligent Systems (July/August 2001: pages 71 - 72).
• Herbert Simon Collection. A full-text digital archive from Carnegie Mellon Libraries.

Donald E. Walker: A Remembrance. By Barbara Grosz and Jerry R. Hobbs. (1994). AI Magazine 15(1): Spring 1994, 23-25. "Don Walker had a vision of how natural language technology could help solve people's problems. He knew the challenges were great and would require the efforts of many people. He had a genius for bringing these people together."

Donald A. Waterman. By Robert Engelmore. (1987). AI Magazine 8(1): Spring 1987, 24-25. "We note with sorrow the passing of Don Waterman, who died on January 4, 1987. Don was one of the pioneers of our field, whose early research built the foundation for the area that would later come to be labeled 'knowledge based systems' (and still later 'expert systems')."