Marianne
commemoratives
Marianne was used on many French definitive stamps. She also appeared as
the symbol of France or as the principle subject of a work of art on commemorative
stamps.[4] The following is not an exhaustive
list.
|
Marianne coming to the help of the unemployed |
1935 |
This stamp price included a tax to benefit
“intellectual unemployed”, such as artists and scientists
affected by the 1929 crash, there being no unemployment insurance at that
time. |
|
To save the race |
1937 |
Marianne with a protecting arm around a young child. The
cryptic “To save the race” apparently described the stamp’s
tax goal of the fight against venereal diseases.
[Note the tariff is 65c + 25c] |
|
150th anniversary of the federal constitution of the U.S.A. |
1937 |
Remembering 17 September 1787, this stamp issued to recall
Franco-American friendship. Designed by Barlangue. |
|
Help to the French repatriated from Spain |
1938 |
The Spanish civil war provoked the return to France of
many French, whom Marianne welcomed.
[Note the tariff is 65c + 60c] |
|
Liberation |
1944 |
Gandon symbolised the liberation of France with Marianne
mounted on a winged horse. Similar to the definitive Marianne by Gandon
which appeared a few years later |
|
Marianne of Dali |
1979 |
Commissioned by La Poste from Spanish painter Salvador
Dali. As well as reproducing old masters, La Poste sometimes commissioned
contemporary artists to design a stamp. |
|
Heritage Year |
1980 |
This Marianne, designed by Pierre Foget, has family
similarities to the then current Sabine Gandon
Marianne, although she faces the opposite direction. |
|
National census |
1982 |
Marianne travelled all over France looking for a harvest
of numbers. This stamp is famous because a hurried retoucher eliminated
a mark that was the 7 on Corsica. The stamp was printed entirely on phosphorescent
paper. |
|
Marianne of Jean Effel |
1983 |
Commissioned by La Poste, the stamp became a posthumous
homage to the artist who died before it was issued. |
|
Homage to the dead |
1985 |
Designed and engraved by Albert Decaris, it was issued
on the 75th anniversary of the burial of the Unknown Soldier at the foot
of the Arc de Triomphe. |
|
Marianne in love |
1988 |
Designed by Eriki Bilal. Originally part of a booklet -
Communication - where each stamp was drawn by a different comic strip
artist. This one was later issued as part of a pre-paid envelope. |
|
Marianne worked by Raymond Gid |
1988 |
Celebrating typography and typesetting. |
|
Bicentenary of the French Revolution |
1990 |
The woman in the red section wears a Phrygian cap, another
symbol of the Revolution, as does the one at the top of the stamp. The
stamp is in the French national colours of blue, white and red. |
|
Constitution of the 5th Republic - 1958/1998 |
1998 |
On a background of blue, white and red, echoing the French
national flag - Marianne takes a similar colouring. |
French
definitive stamps in historical context
This section will give some help in understanding why particular French
definitive stamps appeared when they did.
Note, French stamps are often colour-coded according to their purpose. Red
is used for the standard first-class letter rate, blue
for letters to abroad, and green for second-class
post, postcards and newspapers.
1848 - 1852 |
Second Republic
- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte |
|
1849 [5] |
Ceres |
20 centimes black
1F vermillion |
designed and engraved by Jaques-Jean Barre |
1852
- 1870 |
Second Empire
- Napoleon III ( Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) |
|
1862 |
Napoleon III |
First perforated French stamp |
|
1870
- 1940 |
Third Republic |
1871 |
Franco-Prussian
War ended - Germany won |
1871 |
Paris Commune |
|
1876 - 1900 |
Peace and commerce allegoric group / Sage type |
|
designed by Jules-August Sage
engraved by Louis Eugene Mouchon |
|
1900 - 1930 |
Blanc type;
Liberty-Egality-Fraternity |
used for low values - postcards |
designed by Paul-Joseph Blanc
engraved by Emile Thomas |
|
1900 |
Rights of man / Mouchon type |
used for intermediate values |
designed and engraved by Eugene Mouchon |
|
1900 - 1920s |
Merson type;
Liberty and Peace allegory |
first two-colour French stamp;
used for high values |
Luc-Olivier Merson |
|
1903 [6] |
The sower |
|
designed by Oscar Raty
engraved by Eugene Mouchon |
1914 - 1918 |
World War One |
|
1932 - 1941 |
(left-handed) Peace of Laurens |
|
designed by Paul-Albert Laurens
engraved by Antonin Delzers |
|
1938 |
Mercury |
|
designed and engraved by Georges Hourriez |
|
1939 - 1942 |
Iris |
Occupied France - free zone
: green, occupied zone : red |
designed and engraved by Georges Hourriez |
1940 - 1944 |
The French State
(Vichy Government) |
During the occupation of France by Nazi Germany, there
were 43 issues of stamps. Many included Petain’s portrait [7],
both in uniform and in civilian clothes. (General Philippe Petain was
head of the Vichy government, installed by the occupying Nazi Germans.)
Below is featured one issue. |
|
|
Jan 1942 - Sept 1944 |
Petain Bersier series |
|
designed by Jean-Eugène Bersier
engraved by Jules Pie |
Petain stamps were banned after France was liberated,
but there were insufficient replacements. Taxed and overprinted Petain
stamps were used, in preference obscuring the traitor Petain’s
face.
There were some two hundred overprints, some official, some not. This
page [in French] lists many of the overprint texts used in different
towns. |
image credit: Max
Derouen |
|
1943 |
Work, family, country |
The slogan of the Vichy government; stamps
produced for Petain’s 87th birthday. |
1944 - 1947 |
Provisional
Government of the French Republic |
|
from March 1944 - Corsica Algeria; November
1944 - Paris |
Fernez or Algers Marianne |
ordered by Charles de Gaulle at the end of the war and
issued by the Provisory Government |
designed by Louis Fernez
engraved by Jamignon
printed at l’Atellier Carbonnel, Algeria. |
|
1944 - 1945
first issue: March 1945 |
Dulac Marianne |
Provisory Government issue, used only until the Paris
l'Atelier des Timbres-Poste could restart work |
designed by Edmund Dulac
engraved by Leonard Phillips, at Thomas de La Rue, London.
Printed by de La Rue. |
|
1945 - 1954 |
Gandon Marianne |
|
designed by Pierre Gandon
engraved by Henri Corot |
1947 - 1958 |
Fourth Republic |
|
1955 -
1959 |
Muller Marianne |
|
designed by Louis-Charles Muller
engraved by Jules Piel |
1958 |
Fifth Republic |
1958 |
Charles de Gaulle |
|
1959 - 1960 |
Marianne à la Nef |
|
designed by André Regagnon
engraved by Jules Piel |
|
1960 |
Decaris Marianne |
|
designed by Albert Decaris
engraved by Jules Piel |
|
1961 - 1965
1966 - 1967 |
Cocteau Marianne |
second issue with increased prices |
designed by Jean Cocteau
engraved by Albert Decaris |
1962 |
Algerian Independence |
|
1962 |
Decaris Cock [8] |
3 colours |
designed and engraved by Albert Decaris |
|
1967
- 1969 |
Cheffer Marianne |
|
designed by Henri Cheffer (drawn in 1954)
engraved by Claude Durrens after Henri Cheffer died in 1957 |
1969 |
Georges Pompidou |
|
1971 - 1974 |
Béquet Marianne |
|
designed by Pierre Béquet,
engraved in relief by J. Miermont, engraved as intaglio dies by Béquet |
1974-1981 |
Valéry
Giscard d’Estaing |
|
1977 - 1981 |
Sabine Marianne |
|
designed and engraved by Pierre Gandon |
1981 |
President François
Mitterand |
|
1982 |
Liberté |
|
designed and engraved by Pierre Gandon |
1988 |
President Jacques
Chirac |
|
1990 - 1996 |
Briat Marianne |
first self-adhesive stamps |
designed by Louis Briat
engraved by Charles Jumelet |
1989 |
200th anniversary
of the French Revolution |
|
1997 - 2004 |
Luquet Marianne |
|
designed by Eve Luquet
engraved by Charles Jumelet |
|
2005 |
Lamouche Marianne |
|
Designed by Thierry Lamouche |
For those readers who are adventurous and trust their command of French,
here is a
twenty-question quiz on Marianne stamps.
the
origin and history of Marianne
Marianne appears to have come from the name Marie-Anne, which
was a common forename during 18th century France. For the aristocracy, Marie-Anne
was not a worthy name and was considered as pejorative in their social circles
because it represented the people.
The revolutionaries adopted the name Marianne to symbolise the
change of regime; but above all it incarnated the symbol of “the mother
country”, the mother who nourished and protected the children of the
Republic.
Other sources say that the name originates from 1797, when Barras,
a member of the Directorate, chose the first name of the wife of one of his
friends, Reubelle, to represent the new regime. The name fulfilled the conditions
of simplicity and lack of royalist connotation.
At that period, there was also a revolutionary Occitane
song, la Garisou de Marianno [la Guérison de Marianne, or
the healing of Marianne] that used this forename to refer to the Republic.
Later, during the Restoration
and the Second Empire, Marianne became the code name for a clandestine
Republican society.
The image of Marianne
and her Phrygian cap have their origins in antiquity. The Phrygian cap was
worn by slaves emancipated from the Greek and Roman Empires. Thence, they
were citizens, not slaves.
The
first representations of a woman in a Phrygian cap were made during the period
of the French Revolution. Sailors and galley crew from the Mediterranean regions
wore caps that were practically the same design. When they joined the Revolution,
they brought the cap to Paris.
A Phrygian cap is a soft, red felt cap covering the ears, with
a rounded top that is pulled forward. Phrygia was part of Anatolia in Turkey.
One of its kings was Midas of whom it was alleged that everything he touched
turned to gold.
During the Third Republic, Marianne
was represented by statues, often put in town halls [mairies]. She
wore the Phrygian cap to emphasise her revolutionary character, but this was
sometimes regarded as a call to revolt, and the cap was replaced by a wreath
or tiara to give Marianne a character of greater wisdom.
From 1789 (start date of the French Revolution) females appeared
in paintings and statuary, where they expressed the values of liberty and
revolution with their Phrygian cap and sometimes a decorated lance. When the
Marianne wore a long tunic dress, she was formal and conquering.
A decree of 1792 arranged that the “state seal would be
changed and would have representing France a woman dressed as in Antiquity,
standing, holding in her right hand a lance surmounted by a Phrygian cap,
or cap of liberty, her left had resting on a bundle of arms, and at her feet
a tiller”. She would also have at her feet tables with the law and the
Declaration
of the Rights of Man presented to the world.
After 1799, the end of the Republic and the start of the First
Empire weakened the representation of Marianne, even if the theme of liberty
endured. Her name reappeared for a time during the Second Republic, but generally
took a negative sense.
Napoleon III, the new emperor, replaced Marianne on coins
and stamps with his own portrait. The 1870 Commune of Paris developed
a cult of a female revolutionary fighter with bare breasts wearing a Phrygian
cap of the sans-culottes [9], but
she was not called Marianne.
Under the Third Republic, two models competed - the statue with
a wreath of wheat and the statue with the Phrygian cap. The first represented
a moderate Republic, while the second a revolutionary Republic, the people’s
republican called Marianne.
As the Third Republic settled in, busts multiplied in the mairies
and schools. A uniform model generally was used, being a bust of a woman with
a young and calm face, sometimes wearing a wreath of wheat, but more often
wearing a Phrygian cap.
The assimilation of the Marianne into the French Republic has
now been achieved. Marianne has survived through five Republics and through
the upsets of history. The most recent designs of Marianne are popular in
town halls, with the features of celebrities like Brigitte Bardot, Catherine
Deneuve and Laetitia Castra.
some
related websites
[All sites in French unless otherwise indicated]
Cercle
des Amis de Marianne
La
Poste
L’Assemblie
nationale
comprehensive
online search for French stamps - at the bottom of the linked web-page
complete
list of French stamps
French
history - dates (in English)
Marianne part 2: town hall statues
end notes
- After
the fall of France, the remnants of the French Army retreated to England,
regrouping around General de Gaulle in London under the name Free France.
The French stamp printers (l’Atelier des Timbres-poste) were now
in German-occupied Paris. De Gaulle commissioned a Frenchman in London,
Edmond Dulac, to design a stamp (to be printed in London) to rally the
French colonies to Free France. However, because de Gaulle would not
accept the design, only about 5,000 copies were produced. One of the
stamps de Gaulle preferred was the Algers Cockerel. This stamp included
a cross of Lorraine, symbol of Joan of Arc and adopted by the Free French
forces.
Later, in 1943, Dulac entered a stamp design competition for French
artists in England and his design was accepted, becoming known as the
Marianne of London. The stamps were first sent to Paris at the end of
August 1944.
-
|
[La Louvre Museum, Paris] |
From Sabines arrëtant le combat
entre les Romains et les Sabins - Sabines stopping the fight between
the Romans and the Sabins. Hersilie is standing with arms open to stop
her Roman husband from throwing a javelin at her father-in-law, Tatius,
king of the Sabins.(Hersilie had been kidnapped some years before by
the Romans, a common way for Romans to obtain new young brides.)
Pierre Gandon used as his model, the face of the Sabine in a painting
at the Louvre - L’enlèvement des Sabine [the kidnapping
of the Sabines] by Jacques-Louis David, 1799
The legend “France”, which conformed to the Universal Postal
Union rules, was replaced by “Republique Française”
in 1981 after the election of President François Mitterand.
- After
the principal person in the painting La
Liberté guidant le peuple [Liberty guiding the people]
by Eugene Delacroix, painted soon after deposition of King Charles X
by the July 1830 Revolution. This Liberty image used to figure on 100
franc notes.
- Definitive
stamps are the standard stamps that are sold year after year. Commemoratives
were originally made to commemorate a special event. More recently,
commemoratives have been issued in order to raise revenue rather than
celebrate an event, with some minor event being used as a fig leaf.
- The
first stamp paid for by the sender, rather than the receiver, was the
Penny Black, issued on 6 May 1840. The stamp showed a side portrait
of Queen Victoria at age 15. The idea of pre-paid postage had been developed
by Rowland Hill.
The first French postage stamp was issued
on 1 January 1849. Its value was 20 centimes. Its colour was black,
and had a portrait of Ceres (as illustrated), goddess of harvest and
agriculture. In 1849, France was a rural and agricultural society so
the choice of Ceres to represent the Republic was appropriate.
-
Several issues of the sower appeared,
in various series. Firstly, the lined sower, named after the lines on
the background, had two major series, firstly from 1903 to 1907, then
from 1924 to 1929, with the colours and the values changing. The lined
sower had a further outing from 1960 to 1965, this time engraved by
Jules Piel. The lines were to give an impression of copperplate printing,
a more prestigious printing form than the letterpress printing actually
employed. Note that the sower is sowing against the wind.
The cameo sower, also known as the plain background sower, is sometimes
called La Semeuse grasse, the fat sower. The word ‘fat’
refers to the heavy letters used for the stamp’s value.
- Only two French heads of state,
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte and Philippe
Pétain, have wished their portrait to appear on stamps contrary
to the Republican tradition, with the principle that a personality is
not put on a stamp while they are still living. However, these two heads
of state did have the excuse that they were not Republicans.
However, La Poste (the French Post Office) has sometimes slipped up,
for instance producing stamps showing portraits of Ginette Leclerc and
Jean-Pierre Cargol, while still living, in the French Cinema series
of 1986. Another still living French personality on a French stamp is
Jean-Claude Killy, 6 times world champion and 3 times Olympic champion,
twice world cup winner amongst many other sporting successes.
The two first Napoleon III stamps, produced before he was proclaimed
emperor still included the words “Repub. Franc.”, following
stamps had instead “Empire Franc.”
- The Gallic cock decorated
the French flag during the 1789 revolution. In 1830, he replaced the
fleur-de-lys, the royal emblem. In 1852, he was chased away by the Empirial
eagle, but returned in 1962 on a tricolour [blue,
white, red] stamp.
The cockerel, gallus gallus, has been a French symbol since
Roman times. The French appreciate the play on words: the Roman word
for cock, gallus, was also used by the Romans to name the French
people of that period - the Gaulois.
- Sans-culottes
means without breeches. This label was applied by the richer classes
in 18th century France, who could afford smart, fitted knee-breeches,
to the poorer, working classes, in particular around Paris, who wore
ill-fitting pantaloons. Specifically, the term referred to “the
ill-clad and ill-equipped volunteers of the French Revolutionary army”.
- The tricolour of the French national
flag - blue, white, red - combines the colours of Paris (red and blue)
with the colour of the king (white).
These colours appeared during the first days of the French Revolution.
In July 1789, a little before the taking of the Bastille prison (14th
July), there was a great general unrest in Paris. A militia was raised,
which wore a cockade composed of the ancient colours of Paris - red
and blue. On the 17th July, Louis XI went to Paris to review the new
National Guard. The Guard was wearing the cockade of red and blue, to
which (apparently) the Lafayette, the Guard commander added the royal
white.
The law of 27 pluviôse
year II (15 February 1794) made the tricolour the national flag
of France and, following the recommendation of the artist David, stipulated
that the blue should be attached to the mast.
-
French governments from 1792 to present
- First Republic:
1792 - 1804
- First Empire: 1804 - 1814
- Restoration of the
Bourbons: 1814 - 1848
- Second Republic: 1848 - 1852
- Second Empire: 1852 - 1870
- Third Republic: 1870 - 1940
- The French State (Vichy Government): 1940 - 1944
- Provisional government of the French Republic: 1944 - 1947
- Fourth Republic: 1947 - 1958
- Fifth Republic: 1958 - present
- The group represents an allegory
of the Republican trilogy, Liberty-Egality-Fraternity, symbolised by
a winged woman holding the scales of justice and the cherubs who embrace
each other.
- These stamps show an allegoric
representation of Liberty and Peace.
- While in the unoccupied
zone of France under the Vichy government, with new stamps were issued
from November 1940, in the occupied zone things were different.
Existing stamps were overprinted by the Germans with a franking-type
stamp. The stamp read Besetztes / Gebiet / Nordfrankreich -
Occupied Zone Northern France.
|