establishment psycho-bunk 4 —

the myth of
repressed memory

site map

Index
kissed any frogs recently? the myth of repressed memory
on emotional “amnesia”—early clues
notes on memory unreliability
related material
end notes

kissed any frogs lately? the myth of repressed memory

“During a recent study of memory recall and the use of suggestive interviewing, UC Irvine cognitive psychologist Elizabeth Loftus successfully planted false memories in volunteers of several study groups – memories that included such unlikely events as kissing frogs, shaking hands with Bugs Bunny at Disneyland, and witnessing a demonic possession.”
—
“In another study, Loftus showed how false memories can be planted with a visual. Loftus and her colleagues exposed volunteers to a fake print advertisement describing a visit to Disneyland where they would meet Bugs Bunny. Later, 33 percent of these volunteers claimed they knew or remembered the event happening to them. (Bugs Bunny is a Warner Bros. character and has never appeared at Disneyland.) The false memory rate was boosted when people were given multiple exposures to the fake advertisement. In one study, 36 percent of those given three exposures said they met Bugs Bunny, compared to only 9 percent in a control condition.”

Alien abductees—

“But the researchers say "abductees" also believe in their experiences so deeply that they display real stress symptoms similar to those of traumatised battlefield veterans.”

on emotional “amnesia”—early clues

Rather than emotion ‘repressing’ memory, emotion is likely to strengthen memory.

abstract follows:

New research illuminates the neurological underpinnings of a phenomenon known as emotion-induced amnesia. Emotional arousal can either enhance or impair memory, depending on various factors. Previous research indicated that enhanced memory for emotional events is mediated by endogenous stress hormones, particularly adrenergic hormones, and a part of the brain called the amygdala. However, little was known about the neurological basis of emotion-induced memory impairment. Bryan Strange of the University of London and colleagues addressed in research appearing in PNAS. The scientists asked study subjects to read and recall lists of nouns. Each list included an emotionally aversive word, such as "murder" or "scream." Subjects recalled the emotional words significantly better than neutral words. Furthermore, subjects recalled words immediately preceding emotional words significantly worse than other words in the list.[1] This emotion-induced memory impairment was twice as large in women as in men. To investigate the neurological basis of this effect, the researchers repeated the experiment with subjects who had received the drug propanolol, which blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, and with a patient with amygdala damage. In both cases, the subjects experienced neither memory enhancement for the emotional words, or memory impairment for the preceding words. These results suggest that both adrenergic hormones and the amygdala are involved in emotion-induced amnesia.

“An emotion-induced retrograde amnesia in humans is amygdala and beta-adrenergic dependent” by B. A. Strange, R. Hurlemann, and R. J. Dolan
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS, November 11, 2003, vol. 100, no. 23, 13626-13631.

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notes on memory unreliability

1. It is my judgement that deliberate self-repression of memories does occur. However, it is quite impossible for a third party to verify whether they are dealing with a genuine repressed ‘memory’, or with a ‘memory’ that may have been implanted either deliberately or by incautious, or incompetent, questioning. Further, it is quite impossible to determine whether an individual is ‘lying’ to you, either deliberately or because they believe something which is not so.
2. Guessing is not knowing, however much you may convince yourself that you are guessing correctly. Guessing correctly remains guessing.
3. You know that what you are reading, at this moment, is in front of you, as long as you are not dreaming or hallucinating. Remembering that you have read this is not quite as certain, and in a year’s time your memory will have faded further.
4. You may imagine that you remember something that happened to you as a child. ‘It’ may, or may not, have happened in reality. Further, you do not know whether you are remembering an ‘incident’, or whether you have reminded yourself, or have been reminded over the years, and therefore whether you are remembering your remembering or are remembering a real incident.
5. It is known to be widespread that humans tend to make up stories of the events they experience, rather than remembering the ‘incidents’ unembroidered.

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the address for this document is http://www.abelard.org/briefings/repressed_memory.htm

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