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14 LITTLE RED HUTS
by Andrei Platonov

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DETAILED SUMMARIES

Cities and Years by Fedin, Konstantin (1924). A spineless Russian intellectual is interred in Germany at the start of World War I. After the war, he fails to find his place in Revolutionary society. He betrays his love and helps a counterrevolutionary escape Soviet justice.... (more)

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Alone by Aleshin, Samuil (1956). An adulterous relationship breaks up two happy marriages. The adandoned spouses struggle to hold onto their wayward partners. The adulterers try to quash their impulses, but in the end they must be honest to themselves and to others by admitting their love. The Party tries to intervene, but is rebuffed. Who is to blame? Is it right to live a lie in order to preserve social propriety? Is it right to tell the truth when it only does harm to the blameless? What to do when duty is the same as misery? Is it ever too late for happiness? No black-and-white answers are offered to these questions--an ambiguity made possible by the conditions of The Thaw. But the author makes it clear that an honest woman, thus abandoned, bears no shame and should continue to hold her head high. Every human being retains his or her individual worth. Science teaches us, "In life, in man, everything is individual." (more)

Marching to
Victory Day
Volokolamsk Highway by Bek, Aleksandr (1944). One batallion's battle against the Nazis as well as their own fears in the early stages of the Defense of Moscow. Initially terrified by the seemingly unstoppable enemy, the ranks are plagued with cowardice and desertion. A few executions help restore discipline, and a few well-planned sneak attacks teach the men that the Germans bleed and die, too. In the end, the troops fight bravely, the commanders strategize creatively, and the Red Army wins valuable time.(more)

Marching to
Victory Day
Hot Snow by Bondarev, Yuri(1969) An artillery battery at Stalingrad fights against cold, hunger, and encirclement. Some soldiers are heros, others come unglued; all are in some way flawed. "Friendly fire" takes a toll. Counterintelligence unjustly suspects a competent general of harboring traitorous intentions. Suggestions are made that Stalin is less than perfect. And through it all, the men fight among themselves to win the love of the alluring medical instructor Zoya! (more)

Immortality by Bubennov, Mikhail (1940). The Whites operate a "death barge", full of prisoners--Bolsheviks and ordinary peasants--who are hauled out one by one to be shot or hung. The captives attempt a rebellion, partisans attempt a rescue, and everyone nearly drowns in a storm. After capturing Kazan, the Red Army finally shows up to liberate the barge.(more)

Locusts by Budantsev, Sergei (1927). A remote area of southern Azerbaijan is threatened with an attack of ravenous locusts. Swindlers and saboteurs--both in and out of official positions--defraud the government, leaving the region without resources or equipment with which to battle the locusts. Natural disaster ensues, followed by arrests and trials. (more)

White Guard by Bulgakov, Mikhail (1924). A family of White Guardists and their friends are forced to accept defeat as their side loses to Petlyura's Ukrainian nationalists in Kiev in December 1918. (more)

Not By Bread Alone by Dudintsev, Vladimir (1956). An inventor struggles against the invisible empire of bureaucracy and self-servers in a courageous attempt to advance the Soviet pipe industry. (more)

The Thaw by Ehrenburg, Ilya (1954). The novel which gave its name to an entire era of Soviet history, consisting mainly of interior monologues of a wide range of characters who are living inner personal lives at odds with their outer, public lives. Others struggle to keep love out of their souls because it conflicts with their duties to the factory and to the Party. A talented artist squanders his talent for the sake of glory and material success. But as winter passes and the spring thaw comes, a change is beginning--loves and childlike exuberances are blossoming out into the open. (more)

The Rout by Fadeev, Aleksandr (1927). Red Army partisans flee from Cossacks and Japanese interventionists in Russia's Far East. (more)

Marching to
Victory Day
Young Guard by Fadeev, Aleksandr (1947). In Nazi-occupied Ukraine, a group of teenagers forms a secret underground organization. They engage in sabotage, arson and various forms of wrecking. They engineer a prison break and murder a filthy collaborator. The Nazis finally catch them just weeks before liberation by Soviet troops. They are brutally tortured and murdered. Based on real people and real events. Winner of the Stalin Prize. (more)

Cities and Years by Fedin, Konstantin (1924). A spineless Russian intellectual is interred in Germany at the start of World War I. After the war, he fails to find his place in Revolutionary society. He betrays his love and helps a counterrevolutionary escape Soviet justice.... (more)

Chapaev by Furmanov, Dmitri (1923). The charismatic Red Army commander Chapaev, along with his faithful political commisar, Klichkov, fights a never-ending battle against Kolchak, Cossacks, and other enemies of Communism. But in the end, he gets caught with his pants down. .... (more)

Cement by Gladkov, Fyodor (1924). True Communists fight White Guards, bandits, lust and corruption as they struggle to bring a cement factory and the Soviet economy back to life in post-Civil War days. .... (more)

Fat-Faced Passions by Gorky, Maksim (1917). A kvas-seller meets an abused young woman and her 12-year-old crippled son, who have been driven into grinding poverty. Despite the hopelessness of their situation and the alcoholism of his mother, the boy--who keeps a menagarie of cockroaches and other bugs--holds onto his dreams of a brighter future.... (more)

Those Who Seek by Granin, Daniil (1955). A scientist with a new idea, struggles to invent a device which will be of great benefit to the Soviet electrical industry. Bureaucrats and established scientists at first try to steal the invention. When this fails, feeling their position and privilege threatened, they begin falsifying their own data and whip up a 1930s-style slander campaign against the young scientist, including charges of deviation from Marxism-Leninism. They attempt to manipulate Party meetings and stifle open discussion in order to advance their own careers. However, the falsity is eventually revealed, the rank-and-file demand the truth, and the neer-do-wells receive their comeuppance. In another Thaw-era touch, unconventional love is rehabilitated, i.e., the young scientist has an adulterous relationship and lives to tell about it. (more)

THE EMBEZZLERS by Kataev, Valentin (1926) The accidental embezzlement of 12,000 rubles leads to a merry romp through the excesses of NEP-era Moscow, Leningrad, and the provinces. Champange, vodka, and dancing Germans abound. The pleasant company of former princesses and countesses is sought out-- and can be had for 100 rubles. The deceased emperor Nikolai II makes a comeback, but soon regrets it as he gets involved in a brawl and has a third of his beard ripped out. (more)

Marching to
Victory Day
Son of the Regiment by Kataev, Valentin P. (1946). An orphan boy is picked up by a Soviet front-line artillery unit. He becomes one of them, going on a secret mission behind German lines and taking part in a fierce and bloody battle. Stalin Prize winner, 1946. (more)

The Tanker Derbent by Krymov, Yuri S. (1938). The undisciplined and uncaring crew of an oil tanker gets swept up in the excitement of the Stakhanovite movement and completely transform themselves. A daring rescue on the high seas is featured, and the sanctity of marriage is upheld.... (more)

The Forty-First by Lavrenyov, Boris (1924). A female sniper with Red partisans misses her 41st vicitim (a White officer), then winds up stranded with him on a desert island, where they fall in love. However, the White's essentially selfish, bourgeois nature becomes apparent and she shoots him, fulfilling her mission and her class destiny .... (more)

The Week by Libedinsky, Yuri (1922). A peasant revolt rips through a remote town in the Urals. It is eventually put down, but not before the leading local Communists are brutally murdered. Frank portrayal of the hostility of the peasants to Soviet power and of many of the Party's failings .... (more)

Siberia by Markov, Georgi (1973). A sweeping epic of love, revolution, and nature set in snow-swept Siberia. Bolsheviks, kulaks, Social Revolutionaries, honest hard-working peasants, and giant fish-creatures of legend all clash as tsarism crumbles. .... (more)

The Bedbug by Mayakovsky, Vladimir (1929). A philistine from the NEP era gets frozen and is revived fifty years later in 1979. The moderns at first mistake him for an honest worker, but then correctly identify him as a bourgeoisus vulgaris, a blood-sucking insect similar to, but more dangerous than, the bedbug. He is put on display in a cage equipped with special filters to trap all the dirty words. .... (more)

I Want To Go Home by Mikhalkov, Sergei (1948). In post-war Germany, the evil, murdering British keep displaced Soviet children captive, planning to turn them into wage slaves and spies. Honest Germans, driven into poverty and despair by the bullying, land-grabbing, greedy Americans, flee to freedom in the Soviet sector. .... (more)

Marya the Bolshevik by Neverov, Aleksandr (1926). Women's liberation comes to a post-revolutionary Russian village. .... (more)

TASHKENT, CITY OF BREAD by Neverov, Aleksandr (1923) A young boy sets out on a harrowing journey from his remote village to Tashkent, hoping to find grain for his starving family. Along the way he faces death and despair. But amid the cruelty he also finds friendship and kindness. He eventually returns home to the sad news that most of his family is dead. He is able to look past the tragedy, however, and confidently pledges to build everything anew. (more)

Envy by Olesha, Yuri (1927). A successful Soviet food industry wizard gives shelter to an aimless drifter. The drifter comes to envy his host and, with the aid of his host's brother, plots a "conspiracy of feelings" against the new era. The plotters plan on using an "Ophelia machine" to annihilate their enemies. (more)

Three Fat Men by Olesha, Yuri (1924). A fantastic fairy tale of revolution. A tightrope walker, balloons, very large pastries and a brave little girl help topple the dictatorship of three very fat men. (more)

Marching to
Victory Day
Snow by Paustovsky, Konstantin. During the Great Patriotic War, a soldier on leave returns to his childhood home, only to find that his father has died and a strange young woman is now living in his house. Out of kindness and a feeling of responsibility, the woman tries to make the home seem familiar for the soldier. The soldier is grateful and touched. He is certain that they have met before in the Crimea and that fate has now reunited them. Actually, the woman has never been to the Crimea--but does it really matter? (more)

Happiness by Pavlenko, Pyotr (1947). A war veteran comes to the devastated Crimea, hoping for a quiet and peaceful life. Instead, he finds happiness working to rebuild the smashed economy. He also plays a part in the Yalta Conference. Churchill is a fat, drunken pig. U.S. Army officers are more interested in selling soap than in defeating the enemy. Stalin Prize winner, 1947. (more)

The Volga Falls To The Caspian Sea by Pilnyak, Boris (1931). Sabotage and betrayal on the construction site as true communists struggle to alter nature and establish a new morality. (more)

FOUNDATION PIT by Platonov, Andrei (1930) A worker, fired for thinking too much on the job, sets off on a nightmarish, almost surreal quest for truth and meaning. He ends up on a crew digging the foundation pit for a gigantic proletarian edifice. Some workers are then sent to the countryside to assist in the collectivization campaign. Workers are murdered; peasants slaughter and gorge themselves on their livestock to keep it from being collectivized; kulak and sub-kulak forces are liquidated; a proletarian bear, adept at sniffing out kulaks, keeps everyone awake with his noisy hammering; and the fate of the tvordii znak (hard sign) is in doubt.(more)

Marching to
Victory Day
"He stopped a bullet with his mind."
The Seventh Man by Platonov, Andrei To save on ammunition, the Nazis try executing seven prisoners with a single bullet. One partisan miraculously survives the ordeal and escapes. However, driven to despair by the loss of his family, he returns to the same prison camp and again is the seventh man in the execution line. He finally achieves the death he so greatly desires. An eighth man, however, longing to live, feigns death to cheat death. (more)

Petrarch's Sonnet by Pogodin, Nikolai (1956). A solid, reliable, middle-aged man (Sukhodolov) develops a pure (Petrarchic) love for a young woman and starts writing her letters (his "sonnets"). Those still in the thrawl of the "bourgeois morality" of the Stalinst past get in a tizzy over this supposed violation of socialist morality (even though the lovers never actually do anything physically). An official investigation is launched, but Sukhodolov refuses to cooperate, saying that there are some reaches of the human heart and human emotion which are none of the Party's business. (more)

Callow Youth by Rekemchuk, Aleksandr (1962). In Siberia, a young worker named Nikolai is dispatched to a nearby town to demand bricks for his construction team. He quickly succeeds and also helps convert the brick factory to new technology. A friend narrowly avoids involvement in a shady money-making scheme; Nikolai gets a kiss; repressed Old Bolsheviks live happily ever after; and, inspired by Yuri Gagarin, practically everyone volunteers to go to the moon. (more)

Iron Flood by Serafimovich, Aleksandr (1924). A squabbling, undisciplined, and disorganized rabble of Red fighters and refugees attempt to flee from some pursing Cossacks and join up with the main Red Army units. They escape annihilation only by finally uniting and submitting to the iron will of their newly elected commander, who promises death as punishment for the slightest insubordination. (more)

Two Deaths by Serafimovich, Aleksandr (1926). Street fighting rages on in Moscow. A young woman volunteers to spy on the Whites and has to pay the ultimate price. (more)

Mess Mend, or a Yankee in Petrograd by Shaginyan, Marietta (1923 - 1924). Amusing spy thriller, comedy, and science fiction novel all rolled into one. Western capitalists and members of the deposed nobility plot to assassinate Lenin and the entire Soviet government. But they are foiled by a secret American workers organization, the Soviet government, and nature itself, which afflicts the deposed princes, capitalists, etc., with a bizarre degenerative disease, literally turning them into beasts.(more)

Marching to
Victory Day
FATE OF A MAN by Sholokhov, Mikhail (1957) A Soviet soldier is captured and consigned to the Nazi concentration camps. He suffers hunger, torture, and humiliation before finally managing to escape and return to the Red Army. However, his wife and children all die during the war. When peace and demobilization come, he sinks into drepression and drunkenness, until he finds an orphan boy to care for, giving him a renewed reason to live.(more)

Snowball Berry Red by Shukshin, Vasily (1973). An ex-con moves to the countryside, hoping to start a new life. He gets side-tracked with a bit of debauchery, but eventually settles down as a tractor driver. Unfortunately, his old gang, unhappy about being abandoned, catch up with him for a final, fatal confrontation. (more)

Marching to
Victory Day
Days and Nights by Simonov, Konstantin (1944). A batallion commander and his troops defend three apartment buildings (or rather the rubble of three buildings) for seventy days during the Battle of Stalingrad. They suffer incredible casualties, demonstrate incredible bravery, and get lots of medals. And during it all, the hero even finds time to fall in love, get married, and have a bachelor party. (more)

Chocolate by Tarasov-Rodionov, Aleksandr (1922). A local Cheka chief is falsely accused of bribery and corruption. Revolutionary justice demands that he be shot, despite his innocence. (more)

AELITA by Tolstoy, Aleksei (1923). A Soviet engineer and his adventurer-companion blast off for Mars in a home-made spaceship. There they discover an ancient civilization and its strange connection to the lost continent of Atlantis. While the engineer falls in love with the mysterious Aelita, the adventurer dallies with a servant girl (even though he has a wife back in Petrograd). Martian society is on the brink of revolution. The government, suspicious of the Earthlings, plots to kill them. The Soviet Earthlings, however, experienced at this sort of thing, take charge of the workers' uprising. The Martian government strikes back and crushes the rebellion. The Soviets escape from the planet in the nick of time as millions of gigantic, hate-filled spiders surge up from the bowels of the planet. (more)

Azure Cities by Tolstoy, Aleksei N. (1925). Utopian socialism clashes with everyday reality, leading to murder. "A passionate tale of a tormenting, impatient, and feverish imagination." (more)

House on the Embankment by Trifonov, Yuri (1976). Revolves around life in a famous Moscow apartment house which served as the home of many of the Soviet elite.... (more)

Sisters by Veresaev, Vikenty (1933). One of two Komsomol sisters is ruthless in rooting out kulaks and forcing peasants into the kolkhozes. The other sister defies Party orders and works instead for "voluntary" collectivization. She is about to be purged but is saved when Stalin publishes his "Giddy From Success" article denouncing the excesses of forced collectivization. (more)

Marching to
Victory Day
The Life and Amazing Adventures of the Soldier Ivan Chonkin by Voinovich, Vladimir. At the beginning of World War II, a not-too-bright Red Army soldier, abandoned and forgotten by his superiors, bravely defends a Soviet airplane, gets a girlfriend, arrests the entire local apparatus of the secret police, and beats back the attack of an entire regiment...all by accident. (more)

From the Point of View of Eternity by Zagrebelny, Pavlo (1971). Given the task of creating special pipes for a secret project, a young Ukrainian worker and his team battle a stagnation-bent careerist and defy official orders to develop a fundamentally new pipe-rolling technique. The breakthrough comes following a literal and figurative marriage of brains and brawn. (more)

Guests by Zorin, Leonid (1954). Intergenerational conflict centered around an honest Old Bolshevik and his adult son, who has become an arrogant, corrupt, materialistic bigwig, interested only in his position and comfort. The bigwig engages in an arbitrary injustice and plots to ruin the career of an innocent man. The Old Bolshevik uncovers the plot and banishes his son. Even the bigwig's own son--a representative of the younger generation--promises to wage tireless war on his father and all like him. Published in Feb 1954, it is one of the first Thaw-era work.(more)

Science Fiction:
The Struggle in Space by Beliayev, Aleksandr (1928). Rocket-airships, radio-controlled tanks, and Death Rays. Evil Americans try to destroy the socialist paradise of the future, but the Soviets counterattack and win. Remnant capitalists flee to an underground base near Antartica, planning to escape into outer space. Socialism on one planet! (more)

Abduction Of The Sorcerer by Bulychev, Kir (1981). Time travelers from the future stop off in the present on their way to the past to kidnap a 13th-century sorcerer. (more)


Detective & Spy Fiction:
Losing Bet by Chernyonok, Mikhail (1979). In Novosibirsk, militia detective Anton Biriukov unravels a web of fraud, illegal book speculation, icon forgery and murder. (more)

Hunting For The Past by Prozorovsky, Lev (1985). Chasing a CIA spy with links to the Nazi past through Latvia and Estonia. (more)

Seventeen Moments of Spring by Semyonov, Julian. Soviet super-spy Stirlitz, working undercover in the Nazi SS, defeats an attempt by the U.S. and Britain to conclude a separate peace with Nazi Germany and open a joint front against the Soviet Union (more)

Mess Mend, or a Yankee in Petrograd by Shaginyan, Marietta (1923 - 1924). Amusing spy thriller, comedy, and science fiction novel all rolled into one. Western capitalists and members of the deposed nobility plot to assassinate Lenin and the entire Soviet government. But they are foiled by a secret American workers organization, the Soviet government, and nature itself, which afflicts the deposed princes, capitalists, etc., with a bizarre degenerative disease, literally turning them into beasts.(more)



SovLit.com is looking for volunteer writers, readers, translators, proofreaders, and web designers to assist both with the website and the Thin Journal. All levels of experience are welcome. To join us, contact Comrade Recruiter at:

volunteer@sovlit.com

Bard Music & Poetry
Words & Music of
Bulat Okudzhava

"Singers detested me.
Guitarists were terrfied by me."

   Ten years ago, on 12 June 1997, one of the Soviet Union's most beloved of bard poets, Bulat Okudzhava, passed away. Okudzhava was born in Moscow on 9 May 1942, to a Georgian father and an Armenian mother, both good communists. Young Bulat grew up speaking only Russian because his mother insisted that only "the language of Lenin" be spoken at home. As with many good communists, Okudzhava's father was arrested in 1937 and executed as a spy; his mother was sent to the gulag for 18 years.
   After his parents' arrest, Okudzhava lived with relatives in Tbilisi, until 1941 when he was drafted into the Red Army. He served throughout the Great Patriotic War (World War II) in the infantry. Following the war, Okudzhava became a school teacher, first in a rural region, then in the city of Kaluga. He began writing poetry and had modest success. As Okudzhava recalled it, "I wrote the kind of poems that would not irritate anyone - neither the editors nor the public... Very comfortable poetry. I wrote for all the holidays and different seasons. Everyone was satisfied. Although somewhere there dwelled a worm of doubt. I understood that it was all too easy and not what it was supposed to be."
    In 1956, he moved to Moscow where he worked as an editor for the Young Guard publishing house and later as head of the poetry division for Literaturnaya Gazeta.
   In the mid-1950s, Okudzhava started to write music to accompany his poetry. The tunes were simple. At the beginning, Okudzhava knew only three chords; later he expanded his repertoire to a whole seven. Friends recorded his singing, and copies were widely distributed as magnitizdat (recorded samizdat). As Okudzhava's popularity grew, so, too, did a scandal. Okudzhava explained, "The composers hated me. The singers detested me. The guitarists were terrified by me. And that is how it went on, until a very well-known poet of ours announced: 'Calm down, these are not songs. This is just another way of presenting poetry.'"
   Okudzhava's songs are melodic and poetic and not overtly political. Nonetheless, they received no official publication until the late 1970s. Official recordings of his works began to appear in the 1980s, and in the fateful year of 1991, Bulat Okudzhava was awarded the USSR State Prize.
   SovLit.com is pleased to present the lyrics of six of Okudzhava's songs (in Russian with English translations by Alec Vagapov) along with MP3 files of Bulat himself singing.

(Click here to read and listen to the songs of Bulat Okudzhava)


"Bard" Poetry & Prose
   "Hey, Driver" &
   "Rafts" by
   Vladimir Vysotsky

Vladimir Vysotsky, everyone's favorite bard, produced over 600 songs and fewer prose works. He was beloved by all strata of society-- taxi drivers, Party officials, and criminals. There is even a report that Cosmonauts took a Vysotsky tape along on one of their space journeys. Despite his immense popularity, not a single one of his songs was officially published in the Soviet Union during his life time. Some of his works did appear in "Metropol", an independent literary almanac which Vassily Aksyonov put together in 1979. But this highly unorthodox compilation was rejected immediately by the Writers Union and condemned as "pornography of the soul." Vysotsky himself jokingly referred to the project as "making conterfeit money."
   Nowadays, of course, Vysotsky's work is available everywhere, including here at SovLit.com. We are pleased to begin our Vystosky offerings with: (1) a bilingual Russian-English edition of his song-poem, "Hey, Driver", in which the narrator attempts a nostalgic tour of his favorite Soviet prisons; and (2) a translation of "Rafts", a short prose work wherein Vysotsky rails against tugboat men and drunkenness. ("Hey, Driver") and ("Rafts")

 "A Tale About Happiness"
 by Vasily Grossman

What is happiness? For some, it's found in traipsing off to a distant construction site, living in a barracks while leaving the wife and kids behind. Others find it in a bauble, a golden ring, a piece of scented soap. And some never find it at all; or if they do, they can't recognize it. In the mid-1930s, Vasily Grossman addressed this deceptively simple dilemma in a deceptively simple and short story, presented here in a new translation. ("A Tale About Happiness")
Smithy Theory
ON THE TASKS OF THE WRITER-WORKER
by Nikolai Lyashko

    In 1920, the proletariat was looking for its own artists and writers, close to them not only in ideology, but also in their feeling for life. As these new worker-writers arose, they at first felt that it was sufficent to proclaim slogans and present the demands, beliefs, anguish, and hatreds of their class. Nikolai Lyashko, the unofficial leader of the non-Party members of the Smithy, however, cautioned these writers that they had to move beyond general concepts and words and create a genuine artistic image. Only in this way, he believed, could they connect with the soul of labor and could they differentiate themselves from the hypocrites who were never associated with iron but now sing that they are "in iron and of iron." Lyashko also warned that the worker-writer must not be seduced by the lure of laurels from rootless contemporary poets with all their affectation, phrase-mongering, contentlessness, crudity, and eroticism. Moreover, Lyashko wrote, writer-workers must fight against a tendency to exaggerate in their descriptions of the proletarian future.
    (Click here to read the entire text of N. Lyashko's essay "On the Tasks of the Writer Worker".)
LEF AND MARXISM
   In 1923, a public debate was held between supporters and opponents of LEF, a literary movement and journal established by poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. Marxist opponents accused LEF of idiocy, of demonstrating sexual, bourgeois mannerisms, and of being incomprehensible and unnecessary to the proletariat. LEF supporters took umbrage at what they saw as unfounded, bombastic assertions, which, they claimed, smacked of good old-fashioned narodnik metaphysics. LEF, they claimed, was striving for the organized production of literary works which serve reality. Supporters saw LEF as a factory of langugage and explained its flirtations with contentlessness and zaum ("trans-sense") as a type of word-testing laboratory experiment.
   The moderator of the debate, A.V. Lunacharsky, sided with LEF on the question of establishing a distinctly proletarian culture. But he warned the youth not to get carried away with LEF. For example, while he found a certain degree of artistic honesty in the work of Mayakovsky, Lunacharsky was dismayed by the extreme affectation of form, which, he contended, could lead one to think that there is no depth of feeling behind it.
   A complete review of this debate was published in the fourth issue of LEF. To read this review, CLICK HERE.
MAYAKOVSKY ON FUTURISM &
THE LEF PROGRAM

   In 1922, Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote a short letter On Futurism, in which he described Futurism not as an aesthetic stylization, but as a tradecraft in words able to solve in words any contemporary problem. According to Mayakovsky, Futurists made no distinction between the different genres of poetry. For Futurists, love poetry and the call for a struggle against typhoid are merely different sides of the same literary process...a process with the goal of presenting life not as it it, but as it undoubtedly will be and should be.
   In 1923 Mayakovsky then founded a movement and journal entitled LEF (The Left Front of Art). Three essays by Mayakovsky and his collaborators, appearing in the inaugural issue of the journal, laid out The LEF Program.
   The lead essay, "What is LEF Fighting For?", traces the history of Futurism and describes its current tasks: to agitate the masses and to create a united Left Front of art for the destruction of the old culture. Proletarian writers are by in large dismissed as reactionaries regarding form. The experiments of Pilnyak and The Serapions are seen merely as weak attempts to adapt and dilute the devices of the Futurists.
   The second essay, "Whom Does LEF Tear Into?", identifies LEF's enemies: those with the evil intention of an ideological restoration; those who preach a classless, universal art; and those who drag the metaphysics of prophecy and priesthood into art. Certain politicians are also told to keep their grubby hands out of art.
   "Whom Does LEF Warn?" boasts that members of LEF are the "best workers in contemporary art". But it also warns Futurists, Constructivist, Productivists and others of complacency, cautioning that they cannot live off the interest of yesterday's revolutionality.
(Click here for "Mayakovsky on Futurism".) -- (Click here for "The LEF Program".)
50 Years Ago
FADEEV KILLS SELF!
Blames "Ignoramuses"

KGB Calls Him a "Drunk"
      On 13 May 1956, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich FADEEV, author of the critically acclaimed novels The Rout and Young Guard, committed suicide by putting a bullet in his heart.
     He left behind a note which was a blistering, insulting attack on the leadership of the Soviet government and the Soviet literary bureaucracy. In this, his final statement, Fadeev said things which, perhaps, could only be said by a dead man.
     In its investigation of the matter, the KGB attributed the death simply to Fadeev's alcohol problem.
(Click here to read Fadeev's suicide note and two KGB reports on his death.)

Andrei Platonov's
FOURTEEN
LITTLE RED HUTS

A New Translation !
       In 1932, in the midst of a food crisis and famine, Andrei Platonov produced one of his finest plays, Fourteen Little Red Huts. The play touches on the trauma, hunger, and death which accompanied Stalin's rapid collectivization of agriculture. It also lampoons Western intellectuals, such as George Bernard Shaw, who visited the Soviet Union in 1931 and confidently reported that there was no famine or hunger.
       SovLit.com is proud to present the text of Fourteen Little Red Huts in a new translation by Gennadi V. Alexeyev and Dmitri G. Alexeyev. (Click here to read Act One of Fourteen Little Red Huts.) (Click here for Act Two.) (Click here for Act Three.) (Click here for Act Four.)

Blah blah blah
3 ZOSHCHENKOS
by 1 Zoshchenko

       Writer Mikhail Zoshchenko once claimed, "I know very little about myself." But that didn't stop him from penning at least five autobiographical sketches, three of which SovLit.com now has the pleasure to present. The sketches are from 1922, 1927, and the glooimer 1953, after Zoshchenko had been vilified in the Soviet press and expelled from the Writers Union. In these sketches Zoshchenko touches upon his many pre-writing professions (from shoemaker to police detective), how he became a doctor without attending medical school, and his beer-swilling with Esenin. (Click here to read Three ZoshchenkoS.)
FEATURES & TEXTS

A SovLit.com Festival !
100 YEARS OF SHOLOKHOV
On 25 May 2005, SovLit.com held a celebration in honor of the 100th birthday of Mikhail Sholokhov, author of the epic novels The Quiet Don and Virgin Soil Upturned, and the only Soviet writer to accept the Nobel Prize for literature. Materials from the SovLit.com celebration held in honor of this anniversary include:

Biography of Mikhail Sholokov. A cradle-to-grave summary of the writer's life.

"Birthmark" (1924) Sholokhov's very first short story, about the clash of a young Red commander and the wizened old leader of an anti-Soviet band of marauding Cossack brigands. The complete text in English.

"Fate of a Man" (1957) Detailed summary of Sholokhov's tale about a Soviet soldier who is captured by the Nazis during the war. He loses his entire family and his will to live. After the war he slips into drunkenness and depression until a young boy gives him a new reason for living.

Speech to the 2nd Congress of Soviet Writers (1954) Text of Sholokhov's speech to the 2nd Congress of Soviet Writers, in which he gives a lukewarm endorsement to the Thaw, calling most post-war literature dull and boring, but avoiding discussion of calls for more openness, honesty, and "sincerity" in Soviet literature.

Speech to the 20th Congress of The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1956) Text of Sholokhov's speech to the de-Stalinizing 20th Party Congress. He blasts Soviet writers, calling most of them "dead souls".

About Little Boy Harry and Big Mister Salisbury (1960) An article in which Sholokov attacks American journalist Harrison Salisbury for the meanness and stupidity of his articles on Sholovkhov's Virgin Soil Upturned. Sholokhov accuses Salisbury of metaphoric murder and urges that he be publicly flogged

Sholokhov Slams Solzhenitsyn! (1967) In a letter to the Union of Writers, Sholokhov demands that dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn be excluded from the Union. The reason: Solzhenitsyn is either insane or a dangerous anti-Soviet; either way, says Sholokhov, "the man cannot be trusted with a pen." Further, Sholokhov calls Solzhenitsyn's writing "feeble and foolish" and lumps him in with the Vlasovites, those Soviets who betrayed their motherland and joined the Nazis to fight against the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.

Introducing Sholokhov by Aleksandr Serafimovich. The short introduction to Tales of the Don (1926), Sholokhov's first collection of stories, written by veteran Soviet-Cossack writer A. Serafimovich. "Comrade Sholokhov's stories stand out like a steppeland flower."

About Sholokhov by Konstantin Fedin. "He has never side-stepped the contradictions inherent in life....Sholokhov omits nothing, he writes the whole truth."

M.A. Sholokhov by C.P. Snow. "The Quiet Don is a great novel...but a mysterious and difficult one. It speaks of the bafflement of ordinary men...but under the surface there is a subjective, passionate sense of life. A tragic sense of life."

An Artist Who Has Enriched The World by Yuri Bondarev. "Sholokhov never follows a straight corridor carpeted with comfortable truths. On the contrary, his target is the all-absorbing truth that is won through struggle and suffering, a truth that is rugged and unkempt and baptized in blood."

The Making of "The Fate of a Soldier" by Vladimir Monakhov.. Sholokhov gives advice to filmmakers on adapting his story for the screen. "If you want to make a film out of my story...make it a bit on the boring side."

A Sholokhov Photo Gallery. Photos from the life of Mikhail Sholokhov. Includes some embarrassing baby pictures.

Official Sholokhov Centenary Souvenir Brochure. Information by and about Sholokhov from the SovLit.com celebration in honor of the author's centenary.

Soviet Writers
at War!

Reports, articles, sketches, propaganda, stories, and more from the period of the Great Patriotic War, 1941- 1945. Includes:

Vasili Tyorkin: A Book About a Soldier. by Aleksandr Tvardovsky. The most popular piece of literature about the war read by soldiers during the war. It presented a new soldier folk hero who was clever, witty, inventive, thoughtful, resourceful, dependable, courageous, and fun-loving. Vasili Tyorkin fought Nazis hand-to-hand, was wounded several times, slogged through marshes, swam a freezing river to rescue his comrades, shot down a plane with his rifle, settled arguments, made with the wisecracks and could play a mean accordion.

In the War by Vasili Grossman. Short story about a loner tank-driver who slowly comes to bond with his fellow tank-crew member and learn the strength and value of comradeship and love.
June-December by Konstantin Simonov. Report on the changes in the psychology of Soviet troops after the first six months of war. "Our army has learnt how to conquer the Germans."
In Berlin's Neighborhoods by Boris Gorbatov. In Berlin with the conquering Red Army, Gorbatov gloats and taunts Berliners. "Hitler's citadel of obscurantism and piracy is at its end."
In the Name of Kirov by Aleksandr Fadeev. Report on workers in Leningrad during the blockade. Fadeev conducts a literary evening amid exploding shells.
Volga - Mississippi by Konstantin Fedin. A war-time appeal to Americans, comparing the two great rivers.
Freedom or Death by Ilya Ehrenburg. (Agitational essay from first weeks of war.)
In The Main Line of Attack by Vasili Grossman. (Report on Siberian troops in Stalingrad.)
The Last Wish by Pyotr Pavlenko. (A dying marine gets recorded on film.) (more)

Center for Thaw Studies
A compendium of resources related to the Thaw in Soviet literature. Includes:

THAW-ERA NEWS:
TVARDOVSKY AXED !
(How and why Aleksandr Tvardovsky was fired as chief editor of Novy Mir.)

Ehrenburg Blasts Conservatives!
(Ehrenburg's speech at 2nd Congress of Soviet Writers [1954] in defense of the Thaw and against untruthfulness and distortion in Soviet literature.)

Sholokhov Gives Tepid Endorsement to Thaw; Blasts Ehrenburg! (1954) Text of Sholokhov's speech to the 2nd Congress of Soviet Writers, in which he gives a lukewarm endorsement to the Thaw, calling most post-war literature dull and boring, but avoiding discussion of calls for more openness, honesty, and "sincerity" in Soviet literature. Attempting to appear even-handed, Sholokhov criticizes both Simonov (anti-Thaw) and Ehrenburg (pro-Thaw).

Konstantin Fedin on the State of Soviet Literature, 1957. Short excerpt from an interview in which Fedin comments on the "invigoration" of Soviet literature and its renewed willingness to present the conflicts and ugliness of life.

THAW-ERA TEXTS:
Light in the Window
by Yuri Nagibin (1956) Blasts the wasteful, pointless, and just plain unfair privilege enjoyed by the elite.

Trip Home
by Nikolai Zhdanov (1956). Dares to ask the question: "Have the Party and goverment been just in their dealings with the people?"

On Sincerity in Literature
by Vladimir Pomerantsev. Appearing in the December 1953 issue of the journal Novy Mir, this essay attacked insincerity and the varnishing of reality in socialist realism. It provoked a firestorm of controversy and marked the beginning of The Thaw in Soviet literature. "Just say NO to tractors!"

Levers by A. Yashin (1956). The blockbuster story that shocked a nation, lambasting Party officials as duplicitous, bureaucratic, and pedantic, treating people as mere levers to be manipulated, not as human beings.

The Resident by Vasily Grossman (1960). Story which asks the question: "Rehabilitation...does anyone really care?"

On the Mistakes of Novy Mir. (1954). Article from Literaturnaya Gazeta castigating Novy Mir and its editor, Aleksandr Tvardovsky, for the journal's pro-Thaw writings. (part of the "Tvardovsky Axed" feature.)

Also, Detailed Summaries of the novels and plays: Guests by Leonid Zorin, The Thaw by Ilya Ehrenburg, Those Who Seek by Daniil Granin, Alone by Samuil Aleshin, Not By Bread Alone by Vladimir Dudintsev, and Petrarch's Sonnet by Nikolai Pogodin.
Soviet Satire
Conversation of a Rest Home Deputy Director with Guests on the Day of Their Arrival
by Mikhail Zadornov (1983)
"Comrades! Our new, comfortable rest home was completed on the memorable 47th anniversary of the beginning of its construction!" Thus begins this humorous take-off on bureaucracy, sloth, shoddy construction, and the ever-so-fun Soviet vacation experience. This piece forever dispells those unfounded rumors that all Soviets are dour and humorless. Hey, if Leonid Brezhnev wasn't comfortable and spacious, I don't know who was! (Click here for the full satire in English.)


Features:
Young Soviet Writers About Themselves (1962)
Vasili AKSYONOV, Vasili BYKOV, Andrei VOZNESENSKY, Ivan DRATCH, Yevgeni YEVTUSHENKO, Yuri KAZAKOV, Justinas MARCINKEVICIUS, and Anatoli PRISTAVKIN respond to a questionnaire circulated in 1962 by the journal Voprosi Literaturi (Problems of Literature).

Daniil Granin on the Difference Between Soviet and Western Literature
Comments by Granin at a 1971 round-table discussion on the character of Soviet art.

Honoring the centennial of Ostrovsky's birth
"Remebering Nikolai Ostrovsky"
by Anna Karavaeva
The editor who helped Ostrovsky prepare his proletarian masterpiece How the Steel Was Tempered recalls her first meeting with the writer, his struggle with illness, his fierce determination, love of life, and the great plans left unfulfilled by his death.

Library of Siberian Novels
Review of a 20-volume collection of Soviet Siberian novels. "Before the Revolution, it was mainly Central Russia that was reflected in Russian literature....Siberia remained virtually outside the old literature's field of vision. The new Soviet literature began by firmly wiping out "frontier posts" in literary geography." (1971)

Mayakovsky and Nekrasov by Kornei Chukovsky
Analysis of the thematic and stylistic similarities of the two poets. (1952)

Konstantin Fedin Comments on Ilya Ehrenburg
"...His genre is words that act...."

From the Notebooks of Andrei Platonov
Material which Platonov himself wanted suppresssed, liberated in 1973 by his widow and offered up for the world to read.

Mikhail Bulgakov Remembers Gudok
Excerpt from an unfinished manuscript by Bulgakov in which he recalls his work at the newspaper Gudok. He calls the work there "odious" and "a nightmare"; the sketches he wrote for the paper he describes as full of "stereotypes" and "coarseness".

I Remember Mayakovsky.
Lydia Seifullina recalls her first sighting of Mayakovsky.

TRUE Propaganda
Soviet Literature Quiz Game
Q. In Zoshchenko's "Bathhouse", what should you remember if you drop your soap?
(Click here to play)


Texts:
Featured Selection:

IRON SILENCE by Nikolai Lyashko (1924). A story dealing with the painful scab of stagnation which has come to cover a factory...a factory where workers once suffered under the whip...a factory which crucified workers on its spinning metal gears in ghastly industrial accidents...a factory which gave workers shelter as they studied the revolutionary truth and fought battles with strike-breaking Cossacks. Now the factory lies abandoned and crumbling, dismantled piece by piece by pilferers and looters. Workers long to take up the hammer again, but Party officials get nothing done. (Click here to read entire story text.)
---------------
Death of Dolgushov by Babel, Isaac (1924). Cowardly, bespectacled intellectual (just like Babel) refuses to put a fatally wounded Red Army soldier out of his misery, preferring to keep his hands clean no matter the cost. (Complete text in English)

Flying Carpet by Beliyaev, Aleksandr A scientist is convinced that fleas are superior to humans--at least in terms of leaping ability. He sets out to right this injustice of nature and nearly ends up stranded in the stratosphere. Science-fiction comedy. (Complete Text in English)

Mad Boy by Dudintsev, Vladimir (1958). A cruel boy taunts a friendly dog and gets bitten. The boy's intellectual, Volga-owning father complains to authorities, but the neighbors defend the dog. The boy gets his comeuppance in the form of painful rabies shots. (Beshenii Mal'chishka) (Complete Text in Russian)

Blood Knot by Dumbadze, Nodar (c. 1984) An old man and an old woman battle each other to win the custody of their less-than-perfect grandson. (Georgian) (Complete text in English)

Tale of the Military Secret by Gaidar, Arkady (1935). The peaceful Soviet motherland is subjected to a perfidious sneak attack by bourgeois forces. As the Soviet fathers and older brothers are killed, little children have to join the battle. One such child is the Malchik-Kilbachish. He is captured and tortured, but remains true to his word and does not reveal the great military secret of what makes the motherland and the workers of the world so strong. His bravery gives the Red Army the time it needs to ride to the rescue. (Complete text in both English and Russian)

Marcelle by Gerasimov, Mikhail (1920) A young female French Communist secretly boards a French warship to agitate among the sailors, who are hugry for word on the revolution in Russia. The sea itself gets involved in the revolutionary struggle, heaving and seething in an attempt to cast off the warships and their weapons of death. Gerasimov was a member of the "Smithy" proletarian writers group. (Click here to read entire story text.)

In The Country by Grossman, Vasily (1960). The story of terror and a man alone. Snow, an axe, a bluebird, and blood combine to create an allegorical mystery, with the reader left to determine the meaning. Is the terror real, or is it just paranoia? (Click here to read entire story.)

IN THE WAR by Vasili Grossman (1942). A positive, inspirational story of a loner tank-driver, who, during the course of the war, slowly comes to develop bonds of friendship with his fellow tank crew members. When he is wounded and sent to the rear, he comes to recognize the strength of this comradeship and he realizes, for the first time in his life, the power and value of love. (Click here to read entire story text.)

The Resident by Grossman, Vasily (1960). Story which asks the question: "Rehabilitation...does anyone really care?" (Click here to read entire story.)

Conversations at Tea by Ilf, Ilya & Petrov, Evgeny (1934). Satiric story which touches on a generation gap between an Old Bolshevik and his 12-year-old son, arising from the excessively "revolutionary" education the boy is receiving at school. Fortunately, the Central Committee steps in just in time with a back-to-basics decree, thereby saving a hapless 8-year-old from being worked over politically. The story also takes a swipe at politically correct but inane poetry as was often celebrated by super-orthodox literary goups such as RAPP. (Complete text in English)

Interplanetary Chess Congress by Ilf, Ilya & Petrov, Evgeny In an excerpt from "The 12 Chairs", con man Ostap Bender transforms a backwaters Volga River town into the chess capital of the universe. (Complete text in English)

Pushkin and Gogol by Kharms, Daniil Pushkin and Gogol are falling all over each other. A short play. (Complete text in English)

Ivan Ivanych Samovar by Kharms, Daniil. A friendly samovar dispenses tea. Late risers, however, are in for a surprise. (Complete text in English)

IRON SILENCE by Nikolai Lyashko (1924). A story dealing with the painful scab of stagnation which has come to cover a factory...a factory where workers once suffered under the whip...a factory which crucified workers on its spinning metal gears in ghastly industrial accidents...a factory which gave workers shelter as they studied the revolutionary truth and fought battles with strike-breaking Cossacks. Now the factory lies abandoned and crumbling, dismantled piece by piece by pilferers and looters. Workers long to take up the hammer again, but Party officials get nothing done. (Click here to read entire story text.)

My First and Most Beloved Friend by Nagibin, Yuri. Two boys develop a deep and lasting relationship which carries them through the usual boyhood and adolescent experiences, adventures, and the search for identity. They are separated only by war, when one of them dies. Years later, an accidental visit by the surviving friend to the battlefield where the other died brings back memories as well as feelings of guilt for not also dying. (Complete Text in English)

Cherry Seed by Olesha, Yuri (1929). A dreamer, who spends most of his time in the invisible world of his imagination, plants a cherry tree in honor of his unrequited love, without first asking the permission of the Five Year Plan. (Complete text in English)

I Want To Live by Shukshin, Vasily (1966) An escaped convict tries to make it out of the Siberian taiga in winter. Luckily for him, he comes across an old hunter, who shares his remote cabin and his wisdom. The convict repays this kindness with brutality. (Complete text in English)

A Midsummer Day's Game by Soloukhin, Vladimir. A grandfather teaches his granddaughter a game from his youth. The girl enjoys the game, then updates it to modern conditions and modern technology. (Complete text in English)

A Political Battle by Veresaev, Vikenty (1933). In an excerpt from the novel Sisiters, two teams of factory workers engage in a type of "Trivial Pursuit" to see who knows the most about the Five Year Plan. They answer burning questions such as: "What is the fundamental idea of the Five Year Plan?" and "What will happen to the kulaks when the collective farms have taken over the whole agricultural domain?" (Complete text in English)

The Lion by Zamyatin, Evgeny (1935). The great king of the jungle, the lion, is dead drunk. In order to win the love of Leningrad's first policewoman, a fire fighter from Ryazan offers to take the lion's place. (Complete text in English)

STORY OF AK AND HUMANITY by Efim Zozulya (1925) "All citizens must immediately provide proof of their right to exist. Those found to be unnecessary and a hindrance to progress will be given 24 hours to leave this life." This, in essence, is the beginning of Efim Zozulya's "Story of Ak and Humanity". The citizens in this imaginary state happily surrender absolute authority to their government, which has promised a better life. The people, then, have no one but themselves to blame when this government hits on a simple solution: liquidate the unnecessary. Naturally, panic grips the city as commissions go from door to door, searching for human rubbish. A work as relevant today as it was when written over eighty years ago. (Warrentless wiretaps, anyone?) (Click here to read entire story text.)

Two Soviet Winter Tales
For the Soviets, fairy tales weren't just kid stuff. Some of the most prominent Soviet authors worked in the genre. SovLit.com presents translations of two tales with a winter theme:

"Steel Ring" by Konstantin Paustovsky
"Snow House" by Aleksei N. Tolstoy

Departments:
Encyclopedia of Soviet Authors.
Short biographies of 60+ Soviet authors.

Mini-Summaries.
Short summaries of over 1,000 works of Soviet literature by over 250 authors. Sorted:
By Author and By Year

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Links to over 500 web sites related to topics of Soviet Literature.

Comrade of the Month:

SOVMUSIC.RU


      Think of it as a SovLit.com for music. SovMusic.ru is a site offering hundreds of mp3 files and lyrics sheets for Soviet songs from the 1920s on....songs with inspiring and catchy titles such as "A Bolshevik Leaves Home", "Sons of Revolution", "To The Barricades", "Dear Stalin", "Glory to Stalin", "Glory to Molotov", "Lenin is With Us", "Lenin Lived Here", "Lenin's Truth", "Thank You, Great Leader", "Blue Taiga", and "Song of the Chekists". There are also sound files of the speeches of various Soviet leaders, including Lenin, Krupskaya, Brezhnev, Andropov, Kalinin, Beria, Molotov, Khrushchev, and special guest speaker Lev Davidovich Trotsky.
      The creator of the site describes his mission thusly:
      "The music submitted on this site - is an evident sample of a totally new culture, which completely differs from all that, with what Hollywood and MTV supply us so much. This culture, being free from the cult of money, platitude, violence and sex, was urged to not indulge low bents of a human soul but to help the person to become culturally enriched and to grow above himself.
      "Please listen to the music, read deeply into the song lyrics and try to understand, what people lived with during that time: what did they breathe, and what did they strive for?"

Previous Comrades of the Month:
Moscow Metro
Golden Calf Translation
Tuvan Rock & Roll Throat Singing
Langour Management
Sandra Lester: Revolutionary Poet
The Cyber USSR.
Andrei Platonov Encyclopedia.
Ilf & Petrov Tour the United States.
Pioneer Camp Artek.
Don Cossack Chorus of Viktor Kuleshov
Stalin's Russia
Richard Davis & Olga Melnik,
Busybody Bulgakov Translators.

Jill Dybka's Akhmatova Page
The Real Young Guard
Military Literature
Stalinist Film Musical - by T. Lahusen
Revolution By Design: The Soviet Poster
Stirliziada
Soviet Electric Toy Trains
Soviet Television Set, 1937
Soviet Space Dogs
SovAvto - Soviet Automobiles
E-Library of A. Belousenko
Nashe Kino (Our Cinema)
Comrade Kosmonaut
Museum of Soviet Calculators.
Songs From the Soviet Past.

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