Game 3 commentary

  .... move that we play, we are learning about complex analysis, how
  computers can do complex analysis and help human beings do
  complex analysis, and vice versa, how humans can help computers
  do complex analysis -- for example, to play chess.
Before we get started and the blow-by-blow action starts, I would
  like to invite Monte Newborn, who is the chairman of the which
  he committee for ACM.
MONTY NEWBORN:  I'd like to welcome you all here on behalf of the
  ACM, which is providing the officiating for this match and
  we're in -- and is in charge of commentary.  This is a rematch
  from last year in which the ACM was also involved, and it's a
  great pleasure to be here on their behalf.
We have three of the most outstanding commentators to provide you
  an afternoon of Monday that's short of CBS and NBC and I think
  we're right up there with all the major networks as far as
  providing a talented group of commentators for the match.  I'm
  sure they're going to bring the match to life like you've never
  seen in a chess match before.
I'm going to introduce them one at a time.  Mike Valvo is -- Mike
  is one of the top chess players in the United States.  He plays
  particularly well with his eyes closed, and he adds to his
  record about ten years ago, maybe more, but he played about ten
  computers with his eyes closed and I think he killed them all.
  But the days have changed and Mike is now happy to give them a
  good match.
MIKE VALVO:  I'm happy just to show up.  We've got a great day
  for you today.  A lot of breaking news.  We couldn't wait to
  get back.
MONTY NEWBORN:  Our second commentator is Maurice Ashley.
  Maurice?
Maurice is a New Yorker, one of the top chess players in the
  area, and is particularly involved in coaching some of the
  younger kids in this area onto some of the best play that this
  area has seen by kids of that age.
Maurice has been involved in commentating on a number of the
  major chess matches around the United States in recent years,
  and he really brings the matches to life.  So --
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Let's rock 'n' roll.
MONTY NEWBORN:  Last but not least is Yasser Seirawan.  Yasser
  has been the United States chess champion three times and is
  right up there with the top players in the world, let alone in
  the United States, and adds an extra dimension to our chess
  expertise that will allow us to keep up with Kasparov and Deep
  Blue.
I wish all three of you a good time.  And the audience from time
  to time can ask questions and they'll ask you for questions, so
  feel free to converse with everybody up here.
I wish everybody a nice afternoon, and you'll see us come and
  go.  We'll have a few guests on stage, and the match is about
  to begin.  I'll turn the mike over to Mike and --
MIKE VALVO:  The mike to Mike.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Thank you.  Monte Newborn, ACM.  Thank you very
  much.
MIKE VALVO:  I'm wired.  I don't need that thing.  We have an
  interesting day today.  We've been gone for two days and
  there's been a lot that's happened.  We're going to let Maurice
  drive that for you in a second, but we've been abuzz at some
  really hot news.  Can you guess what that might be?
AUDIENCE MEMBER:  Draw!
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Draw!
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Somebody shot it in the audience.  Before we
  get -- we get to that, this is game three of the Kasparov vs.
  Deep Blue rematch.  Garry won the first game with the white
  pieces.  Deep Blue rallied back and won also with the white
  pieces.  This follows last year which the same thing did occur,
  but with sides reversed, Deep Blue with white and then Kasparov
  with white.  Hopefully with Kasparov history doesn't repeat
  itself because it means that he'll be losing this match 4-2.
  I'm sure that he's got plans to make sure that doesn't happen.
MIKE VALVO:  That means today is going to be a draw, doesn't it?
MAURICE ASHLEY:  That's if history repeats itself, but we'll
  see.
Well, it has been mentioned and we should let the audience be
  privy to some astonishing information that has been going on
  over the last day, day and a half.
Apparently, the game -- game two, the position in which Kasparov
  resigned, it seems as if that resignation was premature, to say
  the least.  Yasser, why don't you expostulate.  Master of the
  understatement here.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Master of the understatement, indeed.  As you
  all know, this match is being followed by the world's media,
  and also, and most specially significantly the Internet.  There
  are chess fans all over the world following the matches live on the IBM site.
But, the people who are following the match are just a passive --
  aren't just a passive audience.  Oh, no, no, no, no.  They're a
  very active audience.  And we're getting floods of e-mail by
  chess fans, amateurs and professionals alike all over the world
  saying, "Yaz, why did Garry resign?"  And I must say and I
  think all of us agree, that when he resigned it was the correct
  thing to do, to us.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  It seemed that we.  Certainly we didn't
  criticize it at the time.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Not at all.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Seemed like Deep Blue had the whole game wrapped
  up but apparently Kasparov had a move.
MAURICE ASHLEY:
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  We may be talking mass hypnosis.  Because what
  the audience on the Internet suggested was the move Qb6-e3.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Let us get to that position, because we actually
  have that in our database.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  And a lucky thing.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  The final position from game two, move 45, after
  Deep Blue played the move H a6, Kasparov thought that he had
  nothing better to do than to give up the game.  It seemed as if
  he had to exchange queens, Qb6xc6 and then a massive passed
  pawn would have landed on the c6 square and the advantage would
  have been so great that he would have just been crushed.
But, another move exists.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Well, exactly.  That was a move that
  Grandmaster Robert Byrne of the New York Times, myself, and
  many Grandmasters around the world looked at and dismissed it
  as hopeless and that was the move Qb6 hi e3, sacrificing
  black's bishop.  And our thought was that after the move Qxd6,
  and immediate perpetual check by the black queen did not exist
  in the position and we thought "Bumer, game over."
But then, the Internet audience suggested the move Re8.  And at
  this point, with the aid of computers, I might add, the
  computers all felt that "Hey, look, white is a whole bishop
  ahead.  Look at that bishop on e4, it's a bishop, and it's a
  win."  And then after we just left the computers on to think
  about things for a while, the computers began to say "Well,
  wait a minute, the position is a draw."
And let's take a look at what the computer -- at what we have
  seen.  We saw the move bishop f3, keeping the extra piece.  And
  by the way, we May to interrupt ourselves and we will be
  switching back and forth between the game today and this
  incredible position, because just stop and think about it for a
  moment.  What would this mean historically if you had a
  reigning world champion resign under our position in a
  multi-million-dollar match?  I mean I can hear Oliver Stone and
  say, "What's the conspiracy here?"  I mean a leak --
MAURICE ASHLEY:  This is truly stunning.  You can't even go
  back -- I remember no world championship match ever, this ever
  happening, where a reigning world champion resigning any time
  that he had a drawn position.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Unprecedented.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Can you think of any occasion?
MIKE VALVO:  No, but I can --
MAURICE ASHLEY:  And we do have Kasparov coming into the room.
I would like to add --
MIKE VALVO:  Loo, look, look!
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Before we continue the store --
MIKE VALVO:  The watch came right out.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  The watch is typically "Let me get down to
  business."  That's what Kasparov has done.  And I guess he's
  not hesitating.  He wants to get right down to business.
  That's Joe Hoane, the operator for the IBM Deep Blue team.  And
  Kasparov, we have to wonder, what is Kasparov's state of mind?
  We have to wonder what Kasparov's state of mind is.  After --
  you know he knows.  You know, sitting there, he knows that he
  had a real chance to play this move Qe3.  He knows everything.
  He's on the pulse of the chess world, and he probably went back
  with his trainers --
MIKE VALVO:  And he knows we know.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  And he knows we know.
MIKE VALVO:  He knows we're going to ask him later, too.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  That's pressure to come back not only from the
  loss, that's one thing, but to come back from a loss where you
  were willing to give up.  I mean it's astonishing to me.  It's
  astonishing.  I don't know how he could begin to play.  But he
  has, and he plays --
MIKE VALVO:  Oh, my God.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  -- a cagey move, a shock of shock in this match,
  this match has everything, d2-D 3.
GK MOVE:  1 d3
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Fritz is ready to rock 'n' roll.  We have a
  response by Deep Blue, and that's e7-e5.
DB MOVE:  1...e5.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  This match has shocks everywhere.  What does
  d2-d3 mean?  I think we have a --
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  I think we have a new opening move, what do we
  call it?  "New York, New York"?  I tell, I have never seen
  certainly Garry Kasparov and most world champions have never
  played such a move in the past.  The entire idea of course of
  the opening strategy is to take a firm grip in the center and
  take an aggressive posture.  This is about as passive and a
  hedge hog style posture I've ever seen Garry take.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Mike, is this a correct strategy to play against
  computers?  You've been in the computer world now for over 15
  years, you've been an arbiter in tournaments, and you've seen a
  lot of this stuff go on where people think that computers lack
  the ability to think on their own, so take them out of their
  book, and that way you'll have a real chance of winning.  Is
  this what Garry should do, or maybe he might be shooting
  himself in the foot with all this anticomputer strategy.
GK MOVE:  2 Nf3.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  As he's continued with the move Ng1-f3.
MIKE VALVO:  I think you have to realize, the computer has an
  effect, don't you?  The computer --
DB MOVE:  2...Nc6.
DB MOVE:
GK MOVE:  c4
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Deep Blue is acting like this opening is in his
  book.  Could they have been that complete?
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Strangely enough the game has transposed into a
  normal English opening, an English opening, however, is
  normally derived from white's initial first move, 1 c2-c4.  So
  we're going to see a transposition.
GK MOVE:  4 a3
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Are there any drawbacks to the set up Kasparov
  has chosen, an early A 1920 an early d3, without bringing the
  knights out?  I know that normally the knights go to c3 and the
  g2 pan is advanced to g3.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Well, one of the ideal things that I relish
  about the English opening is its flexibility, as well as the
  opportunity to counterattack.  The move a2-a3 234 combination
  with the move d2-d3 is inviting an open Sicilian style game.
  An open Sicilian reversed where white has an extra tell me
  positive.  If we were to see the move d7-d5 by the computer at
  this moment, we would be transposing directly into a Najdorf
  Sicilian, a Najdorf Defense Sicilian by white where he would
  have the black pieces with an extra tempo.  The Najdorf is an
  absolute favorite defense of Garry Kasparov.  So Garry seems to
  be inviting Deep Blue the opportunity to play white but that
  he, Garry, would have an extra tell me positive in his favorite
  defense.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Mike, continuing that point.  Is this the wise
  thing, though?  Is this the wise policy?  We've seen Kasparov
  switch back and forth with strategies against the computer.
  And it hasn't seemed to frazzle Deep Blue at all.
MIKE VALVO:  Yeah, here's the strategy.  Computers are not very
  good in the openings.  You want to get them out of book as soon
  as possible, and by playing these weird, unusual lines, they'll
  get out of book early.  They won't have very long lines and
  they'll be on their own.  That's the idea, get them on their
  own.  Now, whether getting them on their own is a good idea or
  not, we'll see.
I have seen computers start the game with a3 as the first move
  trying to get their opponents out of mark.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  We've seen Kasparov play this sort of cagey
  style chess, sort of back style chess.  Just like the comment
  on his demeanor at the moment it seems like he's exactly where
  he wants to be, since he's already gotten up from the board
  which is somewhat unusual at this very early stage.  Game, he's
  walking around, photographers taking pictures, the press in the
  room for the first few minutes -- few minutes so they're taking
  pictures of the goes on as Deep Blue thinks of the next move.
  Clearly we're out of Deep Blue's book because it's thinking
  this earlier, would have responded instantaneously as it has
  for the first three moves.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  We could almost describe this as the Kasparov
  pace, huh, because he just walks around.
I have played Garry a number of times in international
  competitions all over the world, and I have been in this
  position as the Deep Blue operator watching the Garry Kasparov
  pace back and forth as he circles the board almost like a lion
  ready to jump in there and relish his piece of meat.
And Garry at the moment, I just wanted to say about his choice of
  openings.  Let's be very clear.  What do we mean when we talk
  about the opening book?  Michael would probably speak to this
  better than I.  But the idea is there's a database of games,
  hundreds of thousands of games in the database, and the
  computer is repeating the moves played by Grandmasters of the
  past and the present.  But, who are the people that actually
  create the moves, if not the world champion Garry Kasparov?
  And Garry Kasparov has introduced I dare say more opening
  novelties than any world champion in the history of the game --
  maybe that's a slight exaggeration, but not by much -- so Garry
  I think should be challenging the computer in the openings,
  because he's the one who creates the openings himself.
GK MOVE:  4...d6.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  After much thought from Deep Blue's side, it has
  responded a bit more reservedly than we thought and has instead
  played the move d7-d6, which now Kasparov has to wonder if
  this -- I'm sure he must have thought about this idea, but
  certainly he's not going to get that favored position, the
  position he wanted with d7-d5 which would have given some kind
  of reverse Sicilian which is a formation that Kasparov plays
  extraordinarily well.  We saw it a lot in the match against
  Anand in 1995 but teds all the time.  So I think his state of
  mind now must be he's got to stop and think a little bit.
  Apparently -- and he's doing so now, he's not just whipping out
  his first move.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  a3 looks like almost a wasted move in this
  position.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  I think this is the kind of opening that Garry
  actual hoped for.  The move d7-d6 is slightly passive.  I would
  have liked to have the open Sicilian after c4xd5.  The purpose
  of the move a2-a3 is to play b2-b4 in the near future, getting
  a space advantage on the queen-side following by fianchettoing
  the bishop with Bc1-b2.  At the same time because of white's
  pawn structure c4, d3, e2, this white bishop on f1 needs a good
  diagonal, and the best way of doing that is to play g2-g3,
  fianchettoing the bishop by Bg1940 castling king-side as he did
  in game one.  This is known as building a house, Nf3, g3, Bg2.
  White sticks his king behind a nice solid defense and the
  bishop on g2 is a very good protector indeed.  So we probably
  see something like a double fianchetto very much as to game
  one.  A game, by the way, that Garry did win and out played the
  computer nicely, and I must say another controversy seems to
  bey ruptureing on game one.  We've heard rumors that the Deep
  Blue team thinks that Deep Blue could have drawn that game.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  We have no information, though.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Not at the moment.
MIKE VALVO:  We have no idea what they're talking about.  We're
  going to ask them, though, when they get on stage.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  We have a full day for you.  At four o'clock,
  one of the Deep Blue team members will be appearing on stage,
  and we won't let them duck any key questions, or we'll try to
  get them to duck, and then at five we'll have the I will U.S.
  Russ Grandmaster Roman Dzindzihashvili, and he'll tell us about
  his understanding of the goings on in the match, and two days
  ago, the draw, possible draw.  All of that, we'll try to get as
  much information from these illustrious people as possible.
We should say that we're not just here in this auditorium.  We
  are currently live on WebTV, being shown?  Museums and
  libraries around the country.  In fact the Smithsonian is
  showing us at the moment.  We're also on the Internet where
  millions are following, millions of chess fans, not just chess
  fans, but people interested in the whole concept of artificial
  intelligence vs. the human mind.  We'd like to tell you about
  this setting for those who can't actually see us, following on
  the web server or following the moves.
GK MOVE:  5 Nc3.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Garry Kasparov has move, Nb1-c3.  We have on
  stage Grandmaster Yasser Seirawan and Mike Valvo.  And to our
  left is a screen that shows the current chess position.  Right
  behind us is a computer program, very strong computer program,
  as a matter of fact, Fritz 4, that we will be analyzing on
  throughout the day.  And to our right a variety of projections
  will occur.  Right now Joe Hoane, the operator for Deep Blue,
  is on the screen.  We'd like to physical his expressions since
  he's just such an open guy, you can read him like a book.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Also, the Fritz screen that you see in the
  lower right-hand corner.  Go ahead and explain what kind of
  tools that we have to assist us.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Well, the Fritz screen has a number of
  features.  One feature is that it evaluates the position for us
  in its opinion, what it thinks is going on.  Currently it
  thinks that the position is just about even for the moment.
  We'll follow that.  Also it has a colored graph that says what
  it thinks is going on so far, it follows the game.  The red
  means that black is slightly better, and green, if that ever
  shows up, means that white is slightly better.  It moment it
  seems that it likes black, but that's no surprise, since it's a
  computer.  (Audience laughter.)
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  That was very good, Maurice, you're going to
  make everybody unhappy with that.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  It's a computer thing.
And below that, there is analysis of what Fritz thinks is the
  best line of play.  Of course, that can vary at any time and at
  any given move.
MIKE VALVO:  Well, it thinks d5 is the best move here.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  That's an unusual suggestion, losing a tell me
  positive to gain space in the middle.
Well, Yaz while Deep Blue is deep in thought, maybe we might want
  to get back to this draw.  What does that mean?  What would you
  feel if you -- I'm sure you've never resigned a drawn
  condition.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  I can honestly say I've never resigned a drawn
  position.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  What do you think as a chess professional --
  forget the fact that you're playing for $700,000 first place
  prize.  That might throw you a little bit.  But, how do you
  think you would react two days thinking about something like
  that.  What would be your state of mind?
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  I think my language would be very colorful.
  (Audience laughter.)  A very, very strong sense of
  self-loathing would also be -- "How could I possibly have done
  something that stupid?"  And I will just say that the Internet
  has been a great tool for us --
DB MOVE:  5...Be7.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Kasparov has just left the room.  He has a
  dressing room he can go back to and see on the screen when a
  move has been played and he's quickly back to the board to
  respond to-- Bf8-e7.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Garry has a trainer who is helping him for the
  match, a computer scientist from Germany by the name of
  Frederic Friedel.  Frederic Friedel has a web page, and
  Frederic revealed Garry's thinking as Yuri Dakoyan.  6 g3.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  g2-g3 preparing to put the bishop on g2 and
  build that house that you talked about earlier.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Exactly.  Dakyon and Frederic got the
  information that, hey, the final position could be a draw, and
  they looked at it, they looked at it, they looked at it, and
  they discovered some possible winning variations, but they saw
  a lot of drawn variations and they came to the position that
  the position was a draw.  And now they've got a problem.  The
  problem is, how do you tell Garry?
(Laughter.)
So they figured the best thing they could do is Garry him towards
  dinner, get him when he's really hungry and thinking and his
  mind is a bit distracted and then just spring it on him.  --
  just bring it up.  So they're just entering in the restaurant,
  and they said, "Hey, Garry, you could have drawn the final
  position."  "What?  What are you talking about?"  "Qe3."  Boom,
  boom, boom, boom, boom.  This is one of the great abilities of
  chest Grandmasters, and just how you were being introduced
  there, Mike, blindfold chess -- Garry didn't need a chess set,
  the position in a snap it sprang to his mind.  They discussed
  incredibly rapidly the variations, boom, boom, boom, boom being
  boom.  "No, then" -- boom, boom, boom, boom, boom.
MIKE VALVO:  Then silence.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  A shock.  Awareness starts to settle in.  No
  cursing, no shouting.  Shock.
Now a little cursing.
(Laughter.)
And that was what dominated dinner.
MIKE VALVO:  I wonder if they ate anything?
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  They may have, but they didn't taste it.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Frankly, that's astonishing.  What do you think
  could be the psychology of resigning such a position, though?
  Do you think, Mike, that --
DB MOVE:  6...00.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  -- do you think the computer knew more than he
  knew?  A human would have played that against a human sort of
  as a last shot.  Maybe the Kasparov --
Deep Blue has just castled and Kasparov has quickly responded --
GK MOVE:  7 Bg2.
MIKE VALVO:  Why didn't Deep Blue just win by playing Qb6 at some
  point rather than Be4?  And Garry is thinking, why didn't it do
  that?  He's been losing the whole game in his own mind,
  depressed, frustrated, and said oh, God you're going to win a
  piece, I've had it, and he tosses in the towel.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  What have you seen over the years -- you've been
  doing this since 1970, being an arbiter at computer
  tournaments.  What have you seen over the years with men's
  reaction to the computer when they start realizing they can
  actually lose to this thing?
MIKE VALVO:  Well, this terms -- in terms of playing the
  early-year computers, you never resigned.  In those days they
  made illegal moves.
Actually I was arbiting a game one time when a guy was making a
  queen, except it didn't know how to promote, so it just left
  the pawn on the eighth rank.  (Audience laughter.)
MAURICE ASHLEY:  We've moved on since then.
MIKE VALVO:  We've moved on since then.  But in the early years
  of the predecessor of Deep Thought, there was a machine called
  Chip Test, the original version.  When Feng Hsu first came out,
  it made an illegal move, I was called over, and I said that's
  an illegal move according to the rules of chess you have to
  take the move back and make a legal move.  So they took the
  move back and Chip Test said oh, that was an illegal move I
  just made and made a legal move, and the game went on.  Till
  ten minutes later the same thing happened.  But the game went
  on.  Now, I don't understand that, because computers tend to do
  the same things over and over given the same circumstances but
  somehow it made a different move.  Why it made an illegal move,
  I don't know.  But we've come a long way, baby, since then, I
  must say.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  The question I'm asking, though, what about the
  humans?  What about how the humans have responded?  Have you
  seen a change in the atmosphere of humans when they play
  against computers?
MIKE VALVO:  Those that have played computers a long time and are
  convinced that computers are very strong, yes, they sort of
  cower, and they just can't play anymore and become frozen.
  Those who are just playing computers for the first time they
  feel really good like Garry did in the first game last year,
  let it all hang out.
DB MOVE:  7...Be6.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Well, now, Deep Blue has played a move, Bc8-e6
  and this is looking very much like a standard opening line,
  Yaz.  You can better speak to these nuances than we can,
  because this is your bread and butter stuff.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Well, indeed it is.  I have long -- like I said
  earlier, it's the English opening.  And by the way I just
  wanted to refer back to a second.  You were talking about the
  illegal moves.
One of the wonderful things I had witnessed, I had gone to a
  hospital, children's orthopedic hospital in Seattle, and there
  was a cancer ward with the young children and they were playing
  chess and they were very excited to see me, and I came to the
  children and was playing chess with them, and I noticed that
  both children who were playing with each other had checkmated
  one another simultaneously.  And they were continuing to play.
(Laughter.)
I just left them alone and they were as happy as could be.
Yes, so humans also need to make progress.
Actually, the opening has gone very well for Garry.  I can speak
  authoritatively in this case because again, this is one of my
  openings as white, and the point is, is this bishop on e7 is
  completely misplaced.  In this particular opening, if you just
  take a look at the bishop for a moment, it is very passive, it
  is blocked by the knight on f6, it is blocked by the pawn on
  d6.  This bishop would really prefer to be fianchettoed on the
  g7 square, and in that case we would have a very standard
  opening position from the English.  Again, the move a2-a3 in
  this case would not be a wasted temple because white sooner or
  later will be using the move b2-b4.
So I think that Garry is actually -- has actually bamboozled the
  computer into an inferior opening position.
Also, the move Bc8-e6 is a little bit suspicious.  What I mean by
  that is that it invites the move Nf3-g5, attacking the bishop,
  and in some cases white will then bring this knight from g5
  badge to -- back to e4 with a solid advantage.  Strategically
  speaking for just a brief moment, what is white's concept?
  White's concept is to dominate the super, and most
  specifically, the d5 square.  In this case, the pawn on c4
  controls the d5 square, the knight on c3 wants to leap to the
  d5 square, and it's supported by this long-range bishop on g2.
GK MOVE:  8 O O.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  So the move on Nf3 to d5 -- we do have a move
  so I'll interrupt myself.  Two moves, in fact.
DB MOVE:  8...Qd7.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  I think we're about to see the rook f1-e1 by
  white, or even the move Nf3-g5.  Because of the whole
  strategical line for white -- because of this particular
  opening, white in general, to gain control of the d5 square,
  needs to move this knight on f3.  So in concert, putting the
  bishop on e7 is strategically a misfit.  The bishop is passive
  here.  To allow the knight on f3 to jump to the square g5 with
  tempo is also an error.  So I would say that after a vair
  nation like the move Nf3-g5 attacking the light squared bishop,
  the light squared bishop is forced to move, for example to the
  move g4.  Then will come the move h2-h3 kicking the bishop.
Let's go back to the game position for just a moment.  What Deep
  Blue has done with the moves Qd8-d7 and Be6 is to set up what
  we call a battery.  It's lined its pieces up together and what
  Deep Blue would dealer love to do is to play the move Be6-h3,
  trying to force an exchange of light squareed bishops.
MIKE VALVO:  Could I add a comment here of something about
  computer strategy or computer psychology.  Garry actually
  played a line that's well known if you leave off a3.  And if
  you leave off a3, the book line is to play b6 and fianchetto
  the queen bishop.  Garry's idea is to get them out of book,
  they won't know the move and play an inferior line.  If you
  play g3 yourself, black will play g6 and go into the normal
  variation.  And this is something you can try on your home
  computers too.
If you emlate what Garry did, I'm sure the computer will do the
  same because I've noticed that in thesis positions, -- these
  positions which I've tested with these computers they're all
  play Be7 /RA*ER fianchetto, because they think it's weakening
  the squares around the bishop.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Forcing them on their own to get out of that
  book, which in this case Grandmaster Joel Benjamin has working
  with the computer for over eight months, has put in would be
  helpful, and what you're saying, Yaz, are you saying maybe
  black is busted?
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  No.  No, no, no, no.  Black is not busted.  I
  just appreciate what Mike has said that Garry, through the
  mixture of the opening move d2-d3 and a2-a3 has bamboozled the
  computer in the opening and allowed to -- it to misplace its
  bishop, giving him a clear and significant advantage.
Transforming an advantage to a victory is one of the hardest
  things in chess.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Well, the move d2-d3, this is not the kind of
  move that I would tell my students to play.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  No, you wouldn't.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Now that Garry has played did 2-d3 everybody is
  thinking "Hey, I can use this."  What are you saying, has Garry
  played intentionally poorly in order to make the computer play
  even worse?  (Audience laughter.)
MIKE VALVO:  Well, I think --
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Bingo, you hit it.
MIKE VALVO:  I think it falls into a category that humans would
  call "move order," or considering transposition.  If he started
  off with the English on the first move, black would have played
  e5 and sole kind of four knights Defense.  He didn't want
  that.  He wanted them to actually play d6, so he probably
  tested it out against Fritz or some other kind of machine and
  he snowed "Gee, if I play this move order, they will play d6.
  And if later on I play a3, they will play Be7, and he probably
  prepared a whole bunch of these things for the computer, more
  than IBM could have anticipated in advance with Joel or anybody
  else, and he had this waiting for him.  Notice that he did not
  repeat the first game.  He got a great opening out of the first
  game?  Why didn't he repeat the first game?  He had other
  things he wanted to try before they could recover.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  You said something, Mike, I find kind of
  interesting.  You said that Garry could take some Mike computer
  programs, let's say the world's best, stick them on his
  computer at home and the majority of them all play the opening
  moves.
Now, we noticed ourselves that the Fritz program, our little
  helper here, wanted to play the move d5.  So if Garry had used
  Fritz to prepare, he would have expected the move d6-d5.
Why do computers play similarly?  Are the algorithms all the
  same?  Why do computers play --
MIKE VALVO:  The backbone of computers playing the chess is the
  same no matter what the computer is.  There are differences,
  but basically what they do is they generate all the possible
  positions and they compare them against each other.  The secret
  is, how do they evaluate each position, and then the comparison
  of course is going to be different as a result.  What Deep Blue
  does is going to be different than what Fritz does.  And of
  course Deep Blue is going to generate many, many more, 200
  million positions, remember.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Per second?
MIKE VALVO:  Yeah, per second.  Against Fritz, which is maybe 10
  percent or less of that number of positions.  And it's just not
  going to have the same background material to work with.  But
  by and large they have the same kind of tendencies no matter
  what computer you're dealing with.  They'll all tend to do
  roughly the same thing.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  I see.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Well, now, that Kasparov has been thinking for
  some time, and I don't see him ready to move --
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  You want to jump back to game two?  Before we
  do that, let's just go for the game position, our expectation
  is I did the move -- is either the move Ng5 or Rf1-e1 by
  Kasparov.  As I explained, chess Grandmasters will consider the
  move Be6-h3 to be a strategical threat and with the move Rf1-e1
  the idea is that white will meet the move Bh3 by dropping his
  bishop back to h1, preserving the bishop.  Now we're going to
  try to understand why the final position in game two was a
  draw.
MIKE VALVO:  While you guys are going through this, I think I'll
  go up to the press room and see what the reaction is up there
  to what's been going on in the game.  So I'll see you in a
  bit.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  IM Mike Valvo.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Okay, Yaz, let's get back to this crazy game.
  This possibility Qe3 has still got me in shock.  When I first
  heard the news I got it from any paren -- my friend Josh
  Waitzkin, who is also an International Master.  He was as
  excited -- very excited.  He and other Grandmasters all thought
  it was a draw.  I just wanted to insist, this is impossiblement
  Deep Blue played to beautifully, strategically, the whole game,
  a masterpiece.  Any Grandmaster would be proud to play these
  moves, and a draw didn't seem like justice.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  No, it doesn't.  And I must say I suffered the
  same feelings.  I have such a profound respect for Garry
  Kasparov, the world chess champion.  To me, he is a Michael
  Jordan, if you pardon the analogy, of chess, and to even
  believe that it was possible for him to resign a drawn
  position, I shook my head and said, "Sorry, guys, the martinis
  you're drinking are a little too strong."  No, I was in
  disbelief.  Let us see what we were looking at just a moment
  ago.  And that was after the move Qe3, the idea of the move
  Ra6.  And this is why Garry resigned.  You have to ask yourself
  "Well, why did Garry resign?"  Garry resigned because he saw
  the move Qe3.  He further saw the move Qxd6.  He didn't believe
  that he had compensation for the lost bishop.  It was just he
  was filled with disgust, he had been out played the whole
  game.  He knew he had a lost position.  He had convinced
  himself, actually, that he had a lost position, so he
  resigned.  And then the idea was this very -- the star move,
  Rb8-e8, calmly saying, "You've won a piece, but so what."
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Why that square, why D e8?
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Well, the idea is that black's king is
  especially vulnerable, and the queen on d6 threatens the rook
  on b8.  So the idea is this rook covers this possibility of
  Qd6-e6+, it gets the rook out of capture, and it just also
  allows the possibility of meeting a move like Qd7+ with the
  interposition rook E -- Re8-e7.
A crucial point is that white would dearly love to play the move
  Ra6-a7+, driving the black king back, followed by the move Qe7
  and checkmate Kasparov on the g7 square.  But this queen on e3
  covers the a7 square.
So anyway, this was the setup.  Everybody asked me, "Yaz, what
  about Re8?  Isn't that simply a draw?"  And I said "no."
There's actually a win for white, and I said the win was the move
  Bf3.  And then after the move Bf3, I saw a whole sequence of
  checks, and this is known as a draw by perpetual check.  If one
  player can perpetually attack the opponent's king, the game is
  a draw.  And the perpetual check is that black plays Qc1+.  And
  I said no, white can avoid this.  Kf2, dodging the first check;
  Qd2+ again.  Now we interpose the bishop, Be2, Qf4+.  The king
  drops back to e1.  Qf4-c1+.  The bishop drops back, and I said,
  "Brilliant.  This is the winning variation for Deep Blue,
  because then after the move Qe3+, the tricky move Kf1, Qf4+.
  Now white's king scurries into the corner.  Kg1 Qe3+ Kh1 wins.
  The idea being just to finish there is no further check.  There
  is only one check, that is Qe1+ Kh2.  Now, because of this
  decisive check of Bd1-h5+ it's necessary to capture the bishop,
  and now it's white's turn.  His king is safe, and he can turn
  his attention to the attack with Ra7+, king has to drop back,
  Qe7 and it's mate.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Easy line, Yaz.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Easy line!
MAURICE ASHLEY:  Did all this over a cup of coffee, huh?
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  I think it was several cups of coffee,
  actually.
But it was such a relief for me.  I could put it out of my mind
  and say to myself "Oh, thank goodness.  No, no, no Garry
  resigned."  However obviously this is a deep piece of
  analysis.  His resignation of premature.  At least for
  ourselves, the audience, we should see why he resigns.  And in
  this case we have the full understanding.  So I am very pleased
  with myself, I found the winning variation for Deep Blue.  I
  could quietly go to sleep.  This morning I was woken up
  (Audience laughter.)
MAURICE ASHLEY:  And what was the variation?
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Well, it was so smooth, everything was so
  smooth.  We got to this position.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  That is after your 51st move Bd1 in your
  variation.
YASSER SEIRAWAN:  Right.  I had only just now calculated for you
  the variation Qe3+ because it seemed like the only sensible
  decision.  The rude awakening is the move Qxc3+.  I said, "This
  doesn't change anything.  I am skill going to move over to the
  king-side with the move Kf1.
And now the computer found an absolutely star move.  Because of
  the threat Ra7 check followed by Qe7 which wins immediately, I
  figured that everything that black does has to be with check,
  has to be with check.  And I thought that after the move Qd3+
  Be2, there's simply no perpetual, nothing to be done, so Garry
  would laws.
But, a star move, I didn't see it, I have to confess, the
  computer -- a computer found the move Qc3-c1.  And I've got a
  problem.  This move forces the draw, because after the move
  Ra7+, king drops back to g8, queen goes to d7, white is set up
  to mate now we have queen takes bishop, Kf2 Qd2+.  We can't
  play Kg3 by the way because of the unfortunate Qf4 checkmate.
  So we have to step back.
If we go to g1, this is the tricky move.  Now black has Qc1+.  If
  he goes to h2, there is the move Qf4+ and I can't escape the
  perpetual check.
MAURICE ASHLEY:  We should point out that g2 g3 can be answered
  by Qf2+ Kh1 Qf1+ an