Demographics of India

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Demographics of the Republic of India

Population of India, 1961-2003
Size: 1,129,866,154 (2007 est)
Growth: 1.38% (2007 est)
Birth: 22.69 births/1,000 population (2007 est)
Death: 6.58 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est)
Life expectancy: 68.59 years (2007 est)
Life expectancy(m): 66.28 years (2007 est)
Life expectancy(f): 71.17 years (2007 est)
Fertility: 2.7 children born/woman (NFHS-3, 2007)
Age Structure:
0-14 years: 31.5% (male 189,238,487/female 172,168,306)(2008 est)
15-64 years: 63.3% (male 374,157,581/female 352,868,003) (2008 est)
65-0ver years: 5.2% (male 28,285,796/female 31,277,725) (2008 est)
Sex Ratio:
At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female (2008)
Under 15 years: 1.10 male(s)/female (2008)
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female (2008)
Nationality:
nationality: noun: Indian adjective: Indic
Major ethnic: See Ethnic Groups of India
Language:
Official: See Official languages of India
Spoken: See List of Indian languages by number of native speakers

The Demographics of India are overall remarkably diverse. India's population of approximately 1.13 billion people (estimate for March 10, 2008) comprises approximately one-sixth of the world's population. India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages) as well as a language isolate (the Nihali language[1] spoken in parts of Maharashtra). Further complexity is lent by the great variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income and education. Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.[2]

Contents

[edit] Salient features

India occupies 2.4% of the world's land area and supports over 17.5% of the world's population. India has more arable land area than any country except the United States[3], and more water area than any country except Canada and the United States. Indian life, therefore revolves mostly around agriculture and allied activities in small villages, where the overwhelming majority of Indians live. As per the 2001 census, 72.22% of the people live in more than 550,000 villages, and the remainder in more than 2000 towns and cities.[citation needed][4]

[edit] Census

Main article: List of states and territories of India by population

The most recent census of India was performed in 2001 for enumeration as of March 1 of that year.[5] It was the 14th census in an unbroken series, and the 6th after independence in 1947 (with the exception that census could not be held for Assam in the 1981 and Jammu & Kashmir in 1991). Eight censuses were performed under the British Raj, the first one was carried out throughout the 1860s and completed in 1872. After this, there has been one census every decade starting in 1881.

The total population calculated for 1 March 2001 was 1,027,015,247, making the 2001 census the first to count more than a billion Indians.[6] The population had risen by 21.34% compared to the 1991 total. The female population had increased by 0.3 percentage points to 48.4%.[7]

[edit] Religious demographics

Main article: Religion in India

80.5% of the Indians are Hindus, with 13.4% of the population Muslim, making India home to the third-largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan. India also contains the majority of the world's Zoroastrians, Sikhs, Jains and Bahá'í. Other religious groups include Christians (2.3%), Buddhists (0.8%), and Jews.

The table below summarizes the findigs of the 2001 census with regards to religion in India:

  1. All figures in %.
  2. Gender Ratio*: no of females/1000 males
  3. Others including Bahá'ís, Jews, and Parsis.
  4. Tribal Animists (and non religious) are grouped under Others after 1926 (1931 census onwards)
Table 2: Census information for 2001[α][β]
Composition Hindus[8] Muslims[9] Christians[10] Sikhs[11] Buddhist[12] Jains[13] Others[14]
 % total of population 2005 80.4% 13.4% 2.3% 1.9% 1.1% 0.4% 0.5%
10-Yr Growth % (est '91–'01)[15][β] 20.3% 29.5% 22.6% 18.2% 24.5% 26.0% 103.1%
Sex ratio* (avg. 944) 935 940 1009 895 955 940 100
Literacy rate (avg. 79.9) 75.5 60.0 90.3 70.4 73.0 95.0 50.0
Work Participation Rate 40.4 31.3 39.7 37.7 40.6 32.9 48.4
Rural sex ratio[15] 944 953 1001 895 958 937 995
Urban sex ratio[15] 922 907 1026 886 944 941 966
Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs) 925 950 964 786 942 870 976

Source: The First Report on Religion: Census of India 2001[16]

     α.   ^  The data excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur

     β.   ^  The data is "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir

[edit] Linguistic demographics

Main article: List of Indian languages by number of native speakers

40% of the Hindus speak Hindi while the rest speak Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Gujarati,Kannada and other languages. Almost 70% of the Muslims speak Urdu while the rest speak Kashmiri, Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil, Gujarati and other languages. About one-third of the Christians speak Malayalam, one-sixth speak Tamil while the rest speak a variety of languages. In total, there are 1,652 languages and dialects spoken in India.[17]

Table: Ordered by number of native speakers
Rank Language 2001 census[1]
(total population 1,004.59 million)
Speakers Percentage
1 Hindi dialects[18] 422,048,642 41.03%
2 Bengali 83,369,769 8.11%
3 Telugu 74,002,856 7.37%
4 Marathi 71,936,894 6.99%
5 Tamil 60,793,814 5.91%
6 Urdu 51,536,111 5.01%
7 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.48%
8 Kannada 37,924,011 3.69%
9 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.21%
10 Oriya 33,017,446 3.21%
11 Punjabi 29,102,477 2.83%
12 Assamese 13,168,484 1.28%
13 Maithili 12,179,122 1.18%
14 Santali 6,469,600 0.63%
15 Kashmiri 5,527,698 0.54%
16 Nepali 2,871,749 0.28%
17 Sindhi 2,535,485 0.25%
18 Konkani 2,489,015 0.24%
19 Dongri 2,282,589 0.22%
20 Meitei (Manipuri) 1,466,705* 0.14%
21 Bodo 1,350,478 0.13%
22 Sanskrit 14,135 N

* Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao-Maram and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur for 2001.
** The percentage of speakers of each language for 2001 has been worked out on the total population of India excluding the population of Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur due to cancellation of census results.
N - Stands for negligible.

[edit] Key data

Chart showing the Total Fertility Rate of Indian states (SRS survey 1996-98)
Chart showing the Total Fertility Rate of Indian states (SRS survey 1996-98)[19]

Total Population: 1,147.996 million (July 2008 est. CIA)[20] 1,028.7 million (2001 Census final figures, March 1 enumeration and estimated 124,000 in areas of Manipur that could not be covered in the enumeration)

Map showing the population density of each district in India
Map showing the population density of each district in India

Rural Population: 72.2%, male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755 (2001 Census)

Urban Population:
Age structure:
0–14 years: 30.8%, male: 188,208,196, female: 171,356,024
15–64 years: 64.3%, male: 386,432,921, female: 364,215,759
65+ years: 4.9%, male: 27,258,259, female: 30,031,289 (2007 est.) The average age of Indians is 64.8 years.

Population growth rate: 1.38% (2007 est.)

Birth rate: 22.69 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate: 6.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Map showing the literacy rate of each district in India
Map showing the literacy rate of each district in India

Literacy rate: 79.9%

Percent of the population under the poverty line: 22% (2006 est.)

Unemployment Rate: 7.8%

Net migration rate: − -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.098 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.061 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.908 male(s)/female
total population: 1.064 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate: total: 34.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) female: 29.23 deaths/1,000 live births male: 39.42 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.59 years
male: 66.28 years
female: 71.17 years (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.81 children born/woman (2007 est.) The TFR (Total number of children born per women ) according to Religion in 2001 was :

Hindus - 2.0, Muslims - 2.4, Sikhs - 1.6, Christians - 2.1, Buddhists - 2.1, Jains - 1.4 , Animists and Others - 2.99, Tribals - 3.16, Scheduled Castes - 2.89.[21]

Nationality:
noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian

Religions: Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.8%, Buddhists 0.8%, Jains 0.4%, others 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 Census)[22][23][24][25][26].

Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Scheduled Castes: 16.2% (2001 Census) Scheduled Tribes: 8.2% (2001 Census)

Languages: See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million (the second largest being Bengali with some 207 million). 22 languages are recognized as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.[27][28]

[edit] 2025 Estimate

Table 2: Population Projections (in millions)

Year Under 15 15-64 65+ Total
2000 361 604 45 1010
2005 368 673 51 1093
2010 370 747 58 1175
2015 372 819 65 1256
2020 373 882 76 1331

Source: Based on P.N. Mari Bhat, "Indian Demographic Scenario 2025", Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi, Discussion Paper No. 27/2001.

[edit] Ethnic groups

v • d • e
Ethnic Groups of India


This tree diagram depicts the relationships of the major ethnic, linguistic and religious groups in India. For example, an H under Gujarati implies a Hindu Gujarati speaking Indian of Indo-Aryan ancestry. This list excludes caste groups like the Dalits which is a socio-political identity across linguistic, religious and racial lines.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indians
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indo-Aryans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mongoloids
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dravidians
 
 Tribals
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marathi (मराठी माणसं)
 
 Gujarati (ગુજરાતી લોકો)
 
 Punjabi
(ਪੰਜਾਬੀ)
 
 Kashmiri
(کٲشُر)
 
 Hindi (हिन्दी)
 
 Oriya (ଓଡିଆ)
 
 Bengali
(বাঙালী)
 
 Assamese
(অসম)
 
 Meghalayans
 
 Mizo
 
 Tripuri
(ত্রিপুরা)
 
 Manipuri
(মনিপুরি)
 
 Naga
 
 Arunachali
(རྫོང་ཁ་)
 
 Tamizh (தமிழர்)
 
 Telugu
(తెలుగు)
 
 Kannadiga
(ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ)
 
 Malayali
(മലയാളി)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
H,M,B
 
 H,M,J
 
 S,H,M
 
 M,H
 
 H,M
 
 H,C
 
 H,M
 
 H,M
 
 C,H,T
 
 C,T
 
 H,T
 
 H,C
 
 C,T
 
 B,T,H
 
 H,C,M
 
 H,M,C
 
 H,M,C
 
 H,C,M

Unlike the United States of America, United Kingdom, and Australian Censuses, the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India,[29] but recognizes many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

It should be noted that Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic are mainly linguistic terms and denote speakers of these linguistic groups.

For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighboring countries) see ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent or the tree diagram above.

[edit] Further reading

  • International Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International (2007-09-09). "Summary of Findings" (PDF). Third National Family Health Survey. International Institute for Population Sciences.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

[edit] References

  1. ^ SIL International. "Ethnologue report for Language Isolate". Retrieved on 2007-10-11.
  2. ^ India, a Country Study United States Library of Congress, Note on Ethnic groups
  3. ^ GM Crops Around the World – an accurate picture GM Freeze, Table 3
  4. ^ Indian Census
  5. ^ Census of India, Govt. of India - Ministry of Home Affairs, Official web-site | We also count people in India
  6. ^ Indian Census
  7. ^ Indian Census
  8. ^ "Tables: Profiles by main religions: Hindus" (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  9. ^ "Tables: Profiles by main religions: Muslims" (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  10. ^ "Tables: Profiles by main religions: Christians" (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  11. ^ "Tables: Profiles by main religions: Sikhs" (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  12. ^ "Tables: Profiles by main religions: Buddhists" (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  13. ^ "Tables: Profiles by main religions: Jains" (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  14. ^ "Tables: Profiles by main religions: Other religions" (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  15. ^ a b c "A snapshot of population size, distribution, growth and socio economic characteristics of religious communities from Census 2001" (PDF). Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION pp1–9. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
  16. ^ "Tables: Profiles by main religions.". Census of India 2001: DATA ON RELIGION. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
  17. ^ Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census
  18. ^ includes Western Hindi, Eastern Hindi, Bihari languages, Rajasthani languages and Pahari languages.
  19. ^ National Population Policy of India
  20. ^ CIA World Factbook - India
  21. ^ Indian Census
  22. ^ Indian Census
  23. ^ [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90228.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - India]
  24. ^ Indian Census 2001 - Religion
  25. ^ CIA's The World Factbook - India
  26. ^ Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs - Background Note: India
  27. ^ Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census
  28. ^ Rupert Goodwins. Smashing India's language barriers. ZDNet UK.
  29. ^ Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. September 4, 2006. Indian Census
v • d • e
Life in India
Flag of India
v • d • e
Demographics of Asia
Sovereign
states
Dependencies,
autonomies,
other territories
Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country.  1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions.  2 Also known as Myanmar.  3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste.  4 Transcontinental country.  5 Commonly known as Taiwan. 
v • d • e
Ethnic groups in Asia
Sovereign
states
Dependencies,
autonomies,
other territories
Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country.  1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions.  2 Also known as Myanmar.  3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste.  4 Transcontinental country.  5 Commonly known as Taiwan. 
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