Rickshaw

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Japanese rickshaw (jinrikisha), 1886.
Japanese rickshaw (jinrikisha), 1886.
Japanese rickshaws c.1897
Japanese rickshaws c.1897

Rickshaws (or rickshas) are a mode of human-powered transport: a runner draws a two-wheeled cart which seats one or two persons. The word rickshaw came from Asia where they were mainly used as means of transportation for the social elite. However, in more recent times rickshaws have been outlawed in many countries in Asia due to numerous accidents.

Runner pulled rickshaws have mainly been replaced in Asia by bicycle rickshaws. They are also common in Western cities like New York City. In London they are known as pedicabs. The term "rickshaw" is today commonly used for those vehicles as well, but this article deals exclusively with runner-pulled rickshaws.

The word "rickshaw" originates from the Japanese word jinrikisha (人力車, 人 jin = human, 力 riki = strength, 車 sha = vehicle), which literally means "human-powered vehicle".

Contents

[edit] History

Les Deux Carrosses by Claude Gillot, 1707
Les Deux Carrosses by Claude Gillot, 1707

The 1707 painting "Les deux carrosses" by Claude Gillot shows two rickshaw-like carts in a comical scene. These carts, known as vinaigrettes because of their resemblance to the wheel barrows of vinegar makers, were used in the streets of Paris in the 17th and 18th century. (Fresnault-Deruelle, 2005)

Rickshaws first appeared in Japan around 1868, at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration. They soon became a popular mode of transportation, since they were faster than the previously used palanquins (and human labor was considerably cheaper than using horses).

The identity of the inventor (if there was one) remains uncertain. Some American sources give the American blacksmith Albert Tolman, who is said to have invented the rickshaw around 1848 in Worcester, Massachusetts for a missionary; others claim that Jonathan Scobie (or W. Goble), an American missionary to Japan, invented rickshaws around 1869 to transport his invalid wife through the streets of Yokohama.

Still others say the rickshaw was designed by an American Baptist minister in 1888. This is undoubtedly incorrect, for an 1877 article by a The New York Times correspondent in Tokyo stated that the "jin-riki-sha, or man-power carriage" was in current popular use, and was probably invented by an American in 1869 or 1870.

Japanese sources often credit Izumi Yosuke, Suzuki Tokujiro, and Takayama Kosuke, who are said to have invented rickshaws in 1868, inspired by the horse carriages that had been introduced to the streets of Tokyo shortly before. Starting in 1870, the Tokyo government issued a permission to build and sell rickshaws to these three men; the seal of one of these inventors was also required on every license to operate a rickshaw.

By 1872, some 40,000 rickshaws were operating in Tokyo; they soon became the chief form of public transportation in Japan. (Powerhouse Museum, 2005; The Jinrikisha story, 1996)

Around 1880, rickshaws appeared in India, first in Simla and then, 20 years later, in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Here they were initially used by Chinese traders to transport goods; in 1914 the Chinese applied for permission to use rickshaws to transport passengers. Soon after, rickshaws appeared in many big cities in Southeast Asia; pulling a rickshaw was often the first job for peasants migrating to these cities.

[edit] Country overview

Rickshaws in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Rickshaws in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

[edit] Bangladesh

Main article: Cycle rickshaw

Rickshaws (রিকশা riksha) in Bangladesh are cycle-powered, and are available for hire throughout the country; Bangladesh's capital is sometimes called the "City of Rickshaws".WP:VERIFY However, increasing traffic congestion and the resulting collisions have led to the banning of cycle rickshaws on many major streets in the city. Still, in many parts of Old Dhaka, rickshaws are the only kind of vehicle that can travel through the narrow streets. Rickshaw-pullers are known as
রিকশাওয়ালা rikshawala in Bangla.


[edit] China

Manual rickshaws were first used in China during the late 1800s, but most disappeared after 1949.

Later during the early 1990s, tricycle-powered rickshaws became an inexpensive and popular mode of transportation.

[edit] Germany

In 1997 a new rickshaw system was created in Berlin, Germany. It is a modern and newly designed vehicle (CityCruiser) and allows operators to use the riskshaws as advertising support. Within 10 years, CityCruisers' activities have developed across the world, on all 5 continents.

[edit] Hong Kong

Rickshaws were first imported to Hong Kong from Japan in 1874. They were a popular form of transport for many years, peaking at more than 3,000 in the 1920s. However, their popularity waned after World War II. No new licenses for rickshaws have been issued since 1975, and only a few old men—about four as of 2002—still ply their trade, mainly for tourists.

[edit] India

In India, the term rickshaw usually refers to an auto rickshaw. True rickshaws are far less common. In cities where both rickshaws and auto rickshaws are present, the term tuk-tuk is often used to refer to the auto rickshaw to avoid confusion.

Kolkata
Kolkata rickshaw, 2004
Kolkata rickshaw, 2004

As of 2005, the last sizeable fleet of true rickshaws can be found in Kolkata (Calcutta), where the rickshaw puller union resisted prohibition. Several major streets have been closed to rickshaw traffic since 1972, and in 1982 the city seized over 12,000 rickshaws and destroyed them. In 1992, it was estimated that over 30,000 rickshaws were operating in the city, all but 6,000 of them illegally, lacking a license (no new licenses have been issued since 1945). The large majority of rickshaw pullers rent their rickshaws for a few dollars per shift. They live cheaply in hostels, trying to save money to send home. (Eide, 1993) Each dera, a mixture of a garage, repair shop, and dormitory, has a sardar that manages it. Pullers often pay around 100 rupees (around $2.50 United States dollars) per month to live in a dera.[1] Hindu and Muslim pullers often share housing.[2] Some pullers sleep in the streets in their rickshaws.[2]

As of 2008 many of the Kolkata rickshaw pullers originate from Bihar, considered to be one of the poorest states in India.[3]

In August 2005, the Communist government of West Bengal announced plans to completely ban rickshaws, resulting in protests and strikes of the pullers. (WebIndia, 2005)

In 2006, the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, announced that rickshaws would be banned and that rickshaw pullers would be rehabilitated.[4]

Calvin Trillin of National Geographic stated in a 2008 article that the city government has not decided how rickshaw drivers would be rehabilitated, nor has it settled on a date regarding when the government would decide. Trillin added that many high West Bengal officials made statements saying that rickshaws would be banned from 1976 to 2008.[5]

According to Trillin, most Kolkata rickshaws serve people "just a notch above poor" who tend to travel short distances. He added that some people use rickshaws as "24 hour ambulance services," as escorts for shoppers, and as a way for businesses to transport goods. Trillin added that pullers told him that children enrolled in schools were the "steadiest" customers. Many middle class families contract with rickshaw pullers to transport their children; a rickshaw puller who transports children becomes a "family retainer."[2] Trillin adds that some Kolkatans do not like to ride in rickshaws because they feel offended by the idea of a human pulling them, and that some of them question the government's motives on banning rickshaws. Trillin cited Rudrangshu Mukerjee, an academic who said that he does not want to be carried in a rickshaw but does not like the idea of "taking away their livelihood."[5] Trillin adds that when Kolkata floods rickshaw business increases and prices rise. A Kolkata writer told Trillin "When it rains, even the governor takes rickshaws."[6]

A cycle-rickshaw carrying shoe boxes in Agra
A cycle-rickshaw carrying shoe boxes in Agra
Matheran

Matheran, India is a tourist hill station near Mumbai. It is an eco-sensitive zone where motor vehicles are banned so man-pulled rickshaws are still one of the major forms of transport there.

Rickshaws are still very much common in Tamil Nadu. Rickshaws are also present in some parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.

[edit] Republic of Ireland

Dublin first saw the humble rickshaw on its streets in 1996, a rickshaw company based in Canada set up a fleet of 20 rickshaws, building them from tubular steel, Dublin people used to call them the best rickshaws on account of their advertising, however this company was actually called the original rickshaw company. The people of Dublin, both locals and tourists alike, were surprised at first to see the Far Eastern concept in Ireland. People began to use the rickshaws for getting about from pubs to pubs to clubs or for a quick ride around Temple Bar. Later that year 12 pedicab rickshaws were imported by a wine club owner named B. McDonald who started Pedicabs Ireland. A year later J. Ralf & J. Utah, former Pedicab Ireland riders, set up a small fleet of hand-pulled rickshaws called the Silver Rickshaw company. The last hand-pulled rickshaw Company was to be formed by ex-Pedicab Ireland Manager B. Wheeler. This was, in the summer of 2001, called simply The Rickshaw Co. The company quickly grew with six pedicabs added to its fleet of 12 newly built hand-pulled rickshaws. The attacks on America on 9/11/01 damaged the new industry and many of the companies above are no longer operating with the exception of the Silver Rickshaws.

Currently sponsored pedicabs can be seen on the streets of Dublin giving free rides to passengers, as the revenue generated from these pedicabs covered in advertisements gives a wage to the drivers. Recently yellow pedicabs can be seen in Galway as well.

[edit] Malaysia

beca from Parit Jawa, Muar, Johor, at the Muzium Negara
beca from Parit Jawa, Muar, Johor, at the Muzium Negara
Pousse-pousse in Madagascar
Pousse-pousse in Madagascar

Rickshaws were a common mode of transport in urban areas in the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, rickshaws were gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws (beca in Malay). Cycle rickshaws were also ubiquitous up to the 1970s in Malaysian cities. Since then, rapid urbanization has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling rickshaw numbers. Today, rickshaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction, with small numbers operating in Malacca, Penang, Kelantan and Terengganu.

[edit] Madagascar

Rickshaws, known as pousse-pousse, are a common form of transport in a number of Malagasy cities. They are often brightly decorated.

[edit] South Africa

The many registered Zulu rickshaw pullers, with their gigantic hats and colourful clothing, are a major tourist attraction in the city of Durban.

[edit] Pakistan

Cycle rickshaws and jin rickshaws have officially been outlawed in Pakistan since the late 50s/early 60s. The country remains home to a large number of auto-rickshaws.

[edit] United Kingdom

Pedicab rickshaws have been operating on the streets of Soho. They are also common in the centre of Edinburgh, mostly as a novelty tourist transportation method.

[edit] United States

In many major cities, because yellow cabs licenses medallions are artificially capped, bicycle rickshaws have been used for about a decade.

In Los Angeles, California a rickshaw rental company (Dragon Express Rickshaw) operates that rents original vintage and antique hand pulled rickshaws, the only one in the United States providing original hand pulled rickshaws.

Rickshaws are still present on the boardwalk of Atlantic City, N.J.

[edit] Vietnam

In the downtown areas of Vietnamese big cities, rickshaws are used as a mean of transportation, mostly for tourism.

[edit] Tourist attractions

Rickshaws are a tourist attraction in the Asakusa region of Tokyo; in the main temple area of Kyoto; in tourist heavy areas of Kamakura; on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong; on Cijin Island in Kaohsiung; in areas of London's Chinatown, Ottawa's Byward Market; in downtown Toronto; in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). In all of these places, they are mainly for tourists.

[edit] Books, films, TV, Music

Rickshaw in a museum in Japan
Rickshaw in a museum in Japan
  • An early Rudyard Kipling story has the title The Phantom Rickshaw (1885). In it a young Englishman has a romance aboard a ship bound for India. There he marries another woman and his original love dies of a broken heart. After that, on excursions around the city of Simla, he frequently sees the ghost of the deceased driving around in her yellow-panelled rickshaw, though nobody else seems to notice the phenomenon.
  • The 1936 novel Luotuo Xiangzi by Lao She describes the life of a rickshaw runner in Beijing in the 1920s. The English version Rickshaw Boy became a U.S. bestseller in 1945; it was an unauthorized translation that added a happy ending to the story. In 1982, the original version was made into a film of the same title.
  • The 1943 japanese movie Muhomatsu no issho (Rickshaw Man) by Hiroshi Inagaki tells the story of a Matsugoro, a rickshaw man who becomes a surrogate father to the child of a recently widowed woman.
  • In the 1992 film City of Joy (whose title refers to Kolkata), Om Puri plays a rickshaw puller, revealing the economic and emotional hardship that these underpaid workers face on a day-to-day basis.
  • In the episode The Bookstore of the American sitcom Seinfeld, Kramer and Newman import rickshaws to New York City, for the purpose of running a business. They intend to employ members of the city's homeless population; however, one steals their rickshaw. The two recover the rickshaw, and Newman forces Kramer to transport him uphill, a voyage Kramer is unable to make.
  • In Pearl S. Buck's 1931 novel The Good Earth, hero Wang Lung leaves his land to travel southward during a drought. He ends up in the city of Kiangsu, where he becomes a rickshaw puller in order to support his family.
  • In a recent song, Steam Engenius, by the alternative rock band Modest Mouse, frontman Isaac Brock refers to a paradox of a rickshaw being pulled by another rickshaw.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Trillin, Calvin. "Last Days of the Rickshaw." National Geographic. Volume 213, Number 4. April 2008. 101-104.
  2. ^ a b c Trillin, Calvin. "Last Days of the Rickshaw." National Geographic. Volume 213, Number 4. April 2008. 100.
  3. ^ Trillin, Calvin. "Last Days of the Rickshaw." National Geographic. Volume 213, Number 4. April 2008. 96.
  4. ^ Trillin, Calvin. "Last Days of the Rickshaw." National Geographic. Volume 213, Number 4. April 2008. 97.
  5. ^ a b Trillin, Calvin. "Last Days of the Rickshaw." National Geographic. Volume 213, Number 4. April 2008. 104.
  6. ^ Trillin, Calvin. "Last Days of the Rickshaw." National Geographic. Volume 213, Number 4. April 2008. 101.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
  • [1] Rickshaw rental company in Los Angeles, California.
  • Rickshawforum.com Information about rickshaws. Forum, fotos & manufacturer directory
  • Rickshaw! A blog collecting the inscriptions on the back of rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws
  • The Steadicam Rickshaw is used in the motion picture and television industry to create dynamic shots allowing the steadicam operator to "ride" as opposed to wearing the 65 to 95 lb steadicam system.
  • [2]Veloform GmbH in Berlin is the producer of the new-style rickshaw:CityCruiser.

[edit] See also

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw"
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