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Aleksandr Blok (1880-1921) | |
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Russian poet, playwright, and essayist, a leader of the Russian Symbolists at the turn of the century, and a disillusioned prophet of the Russian Revolution. Blok is considered by many the most important poet after Pushkin. He believed that the artist's role was to serve as intermediary between this and "other worlds," and reveal the purpose of man on earth. Blok's poetry, produced by "the fever of the heart, the cold of mind", was praised for his musical flow of words, dream-like spontaneity, in which sound and repetition were used to evoke mood. "The battle of Kulikovo is one of the symbolic events in Russian history. Such events are destined to return. The divination of their true significance is still in the future." (Blok in 1912) Aleksandr Blok was born in St. Petersburg into an aristocratic family of Russian and German descent. His father, A.L. Blok, was a scholar and professor of law at Warsaw University, his mother, Aleksandra Beketova, was a translator and the daughter of the rector of the University of St. Petersburg. The parents divorced when Blok was a small child and he spent his childhood with his grandfather, Andrei Beketov, whose country estate of Shakhmatovo he inherited in 1902. At the University of St. Petersburg Blok studied law, without success, but then in 1906, he received his degree in philology. Blok started to write poetry seriously at the age of seventeen. In the early period of his literary career Blok came under the influence of the nineteenth-century philosopher Vladimir Soloviev (1853-1900) and his concept of the Eternal Feminine, Divine Wisdom. In Blok's verse she appeared as the force of good, 'The Beautiful Lady', an abstract ideal of the feminine spirit. "O, Holy Lady, how the candles are gentle, / How Your features comfort me! / I hear neither sighing nor speaking, / But I believe: the Beloved is Thee" (from 'I Enter Darkened Temples', 1902). Soloviev also influenced the Symbolist poet and theorist Andrey Bely (1880-1934), who had an affair with Blok's wife. Blok's first book, Stikhi o prekrasnoi dame (Songs to the Beautiful Lady), was published in 1904. The poems reflected the mystical experience that he underwent some years earlier, and his relationship with Lyubov Dmitrievna Mendeleeva, the daughter of the famous chemist Dmitry Mendeleyev. Lyubov inspired Blok's poems, he saw her as the incarnation of divine Sophia. At one point in 1902 Lyubov decided to stop seeing Blok, but they eventually married in 1903. The marriage turned out to be unhappy, and Songs to the Beautiful Lady marked the end of Blok's symbolist worship of spiritual beauty. "Are you evil or good? You are altogether from another world / They say strange things about you / For some you are the Muse and a miracle. / For me you are torment and hell..." (from The Heritage of Russian Verse, ed. by Dmitrii Obolensky, 1965). In Vozmezdie (1910-21) the poet described his marital turmoil: "About valour, glory and fame / I was forgetting on the wretched earth... / Your face in its simple frame / With my own hand I removed from the desk." After 1905 Blok's exalted visions started to give way to irony and pessimism. Blok's growing sense of loss and despair was exemplified in the Kniga vtoraya (1904-08), which his fellow-Symbolists associated with Dante's Inferno. Na pole Kulikovom (1908) turned to the battle on the field of Kulikovo, and celebrated Russian victory over the Mongols in 1380. The image of the Eternal Feminine was now replaced by Blok's native land, heavenly and divine but at the same time suffering from savagery and backwardness. Balaganchik (The Puppet Show) was a satire on symbolism. It was staged in 1906 by the avant-garde director Vsevolod Meyerhold, and also produced in New York and Paris in the 1920s. Mihail Kuzmin's songs from the play became popular among the Petersburg elite. In the simple story Harlequin steals Columbine from Pierrot. On a sleigh-ride she tumbles out into the snow. Harlequin continues his adventures and Pierrot is left on an empty stage. From this material Blok and Meyerhold formed a theatrical tour de force, in which illusions are created and exposed, and finally the seemingly haphazard actions are wrapped in a more beautiful and sad dream. One of the great admirer of the play was Marc Chagall. Pesnya sudby, written in 1908, was rejected by Konstantin Stanislavsky - he felt that the audience would be baffled by it. Poverty, heavy drinking, and disillusionment with life, combined with his love of Russia, influenced the bitter themes of social protest that mark Blok's later works. From 1908 until 1918 Blok returned over and over again to the difference between his mystical, idealized concept of Russia, and the contrast on the other hand with bureaucratic civil servants, spiritually dead merchants and a conservative bourgeoisie. Zemlia v snegu (1908), his fourth book of poetry, received much attention. Blok was considered a true poet, a visionary, although his prophecy of the approaching destruction was rejected. The public started to call Blok the "poet of Nevsky Prospect." Feeling that he has done everything there is to do, Blok even contemplated suicide. Blok's travels to Italy in 1909 and to France two years later inspired some of his best works, among them his last major play, Roza i krest (1912), which was based on a medieval French legend. Blok's greatest poem, Dvenadtsat' (1918), was a kind of apocryphal vision, born from two wars, three revolutions and Civil War. In the poem a band of twelve Red guardsmen, apostles of destruction, march in the first winter of Bolshevik Russia through icy streets of Petrograd, looting and killing. They are led by an invulnerable Christ figure, "crowned with a crown of snowflake pearls, / a flowery diadem of frost," who appears beneath a red flag. The Twelve was composed in January 1918 and generated controversy, but reportedly sold some two million copies in three years. Blok asks in the beginning and in the end of the poem "What's out ahead?" On the Vatican index, the poem was long banned in Fascist countries, including the Colonels' Greece. Along with The Twelve Blok published The Scythians, in which he swallowed his disgust of Western culture and called for help for the socialist government. "For the last time, old world, we bid you come, / Feast brotherly within our walls. / To share our peace and glowing toil / Once only the barbarian lyre calls." (from The Scythians, 1918) Shakhmatovo, Blok's "corner of paradise", was sacked in November 1917 and finally went with the Revolution. After 1918 Blok spent much time on government editorial and theatrical commissions. In 1919 he was arrested briefly and nearly executed for supposed counter-revolutionary activities. From 1918 to 1921 he translated books for Gorky's publishing house Vsemirnaja Literatura. In 1919-21 he was chairman of the Bolshoi Theatre and the head of the Petrograd branch of the All-Russian Union of Poets in 1920-21. Blok's mental and physical health started to decline. He had lost his faith in the Revolution and stopped writing poetry. "I'm suffocating, suffocating, suffocating!" he complained to the avant-garde artist Yuri Annenkov. "We're suffocating , we will all suffocate." Lenin, who read Blok's poems, refused to grant him permission to leave the country. At the Pushkin Festival, on February 1921, Blok made a last plea for the "freedom of creation." Blok died in Petrograd on August 7, 1921, of heart failure brought on by malnutrition. In 1914 Blok had written: "He was wholly on the side of freedom, / he was wholly on the side of light!" Along with his death, the "idealistic" period of the Revolution ended. Besides writing poems and plays, Blok wrote essays and theatre reviews. The majority of his essays were composed in a highly lyrical, impressionistic style with emotive reasoning. Blok saw himself as a witness of an historic upheaval. Several of his essays appeared in Zolotoe Runo, which he edited from 1907 to 1909, when the magazine was closed. In 'Stikhiia i kul'tura' (1909) he connected revolution with the nation's primordial revenge against alien culture. In 'Intelligentsia i revoliutsiia' in 1918 he argued that the violence of revolution is necessary for Russia's spiritual rebirth. As an aesthete Blok felt uncomfortable when he could not address his favorite readers, the elite. Also the Bolsheviks were disturbed by his independent thinking and his symbolic vagueness. Blok's last essays reached an extremely limited public. For further reading: Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, ed. by Steven R. Serafin (1999, vol. 1); Aleksandr Blok: A Life by Nina Berberova (1996); Aleksandr Blok Centennial Conference, ed. by Walter N. Vickery (1984); Aleksandr Blok by Konstantin Mochulsky (1983); Aleksandr Blok as Man and Poet by Kornei Chukovsky (1982); Blok: An Anthology of Essays and Memoirs, ed. by Lucy Vogel (1982); Poeziia i proza Aleksandra Bloka by D.E. Maksimov (1981); Aleksandr Blok v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov, ed. by Vladimir N. Orlov (1980, 2 vols.); The Life of Aleksandr Blok by A. Pyman (1979-1980, 2 vols.); Listening to the Wind by James Forsyth (1977); The Poet and the Revolution by S. Haekel (1975); Aleksandr Blok: The Journey to Italy by L. Vogel (1973); Aleksandr Blok by F.D. Reeve (1962); Aleksandr Blok: The Prophet of Revolution by Cecil H. Kisch (1960) - For further information: Aleksandr Blok - Speaking In Tongues - Aleksandr Blok (in Finnish) - Song Texts - A Collection of Poems by Aleksandr Blok - Aleksandr Blok - Suom.: Suomennoksia antologioissa Venäjän runotar (1946), 20 Neuvostoliiton runoilijaa (1960) ja Neuvostolyriikkaa 1 (1975). Selected works:
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