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Chessville
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What problems confront our schools? Is there a simple cost-effective solution? By Robert Ferguson of The American Chess School
Dr. Howard Gardner, in his 1983 book
Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, discussed chess as
the primary example of spatial intelligence. In private email, Dr. Gardner
has acknowledged, “Skill in chess probably depends on both logical,
mathematical and spatial intelligence; and since it is a competitive game,
interpersonal intelligence is probably important as well.” Dr. Gardner and
other Harvard professors were actively involved with the “Learn to Think
Project” in Venezuela. The findings (based on a sample of the 4,266 second
grade students) were nothing short of amazing: After a minimum of 4.5
months in the chess program, most students showed a significant gain in IQ.
B.F. Skinner wrote, “There is no doubt that this project in its total form
will be considered as one of the greatest social experiments of this
century.” Former U.S. Secretary of Education Dr. Terrell Bell, in his book Your Child’s Intellect, encourages some knowledge of chess as a way to develop a preschooler’s intellect and academic readiness (Bell, 1982, pp. 178-179). The use of the best-known intellectual game to address the need to improve critical thinking, self-esteem, reading, and math is an innovative approach that has nationwide applicability. In an effort to promote excellence, the American Chess School sponsors chess camps, tournaments, and research to encourage others to help children through the vehicle of chess. We have brought chess to schools because we believe it directly contributes to academic performance. Dr. Gerard Dullea pointed out in the early 1980s that Chess makes kids smarter. Many academicians around the world have completed years of research and arrived at the same conclusion as Dr. Dullea: chess enhances minds and inspires lives. The quantity of research over the past three decades speaks for itself. “In countries like Russia, the Netherlands, and China, chess is not only taught in schools, but is the equivalent of sports like basketball and baseball in North America. The Canadians have created a math curriculum using chess to teach logic.” (Seattle Chess Foundation, 2001, p. 3) Research demonstrates that chess fosters self-esteem, increases math skills, improves reading, and develops thinking skills. For a review of the evidence and the educational benefits, please visit www.chess.isgenius.com and select the “research” link or go to www.amchess.org/research. (A partial listing of these studies is available at the end of this article.) The American Chess School believes playing games reinforces problem solving skills for all ages. Using your memory to a moderate degree can help keep brain circuits exercised. Research demonstrates that stimulating intellectual challenges such as playing chess give the mind the workout it needs, and it’s FUN!! Table Summarizing Chess Studies
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WHERE WAS THE RESEARCH DONE? |
AGE GROUP STUDIED |
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Math & Science |
Yee Wang Fung
|
1977-1978 |
Hong Kong |
High School |
Not given |
Teach, May/June ‘95 |
Math |
Louise Gaudreau |
1989-1992 |
New Brunswick, Canada |
Elementary |
Étude Comparative sur les Apprentissages en Mathématiques 5e Année |
Unpublished Paper |
Math & Reading |
James Liptrap |
1994-1997 |
Texas, USA |
Elementary |
Chess Life, March 1998 |
|
Thinking, Creativity, Spatial Aptitude, Perceptive Speed, Intelligence, Math, Reading |
Albert Frank |
1973-1974 |
Zaire |
ages 16-18 |
Chess and Aptitudes or Aptitudes et apprentissage du jeu d'echec au Zaiere |
Unpublished Dissertation & Psychopathologie Africaine. Vol 15(1), (1979). (pp. 81-98) |
Reading |
Stuart Margulies |
1990-1992 |
New York City Schools, USA |
Elementary |
The Effect of Chess on Reading Scores: District Nine Chess Program Second Year Report |
Unpublished Paper available from Chess-in-the-Schools and online |
Reading |
Stuart Margulies |
1995-1996 |
New York & Los Angeles, USA |
Elementary |
The Effect of Chess on Reading Scores |
Unpublished Paper available from Chess-in-the-Schools |
Self-esteem |
Bill Levy |
1986-1987 |
New Jersey, USA |
Grades 6-8 Special education |
Utilizing Chess to Promote Self-Esteem in Perceptually Impaired Students |
Unpublished Paper available from the U.S. Chess Federation |
Self-esteem & Academic Achievement |
Harry Turner |
1970-1971 |
Georgia, USA |
Grade 9 |
An Experiment to Alter “Achievement Motivation” in Low-Achieving Male Adolescents by Teaching the Game of Chess |
Unpublished Dissertation Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol. 32(10-B), Apr (1972). (pp. 6040-6041). |
Self-esteem & Spatial-Aptitude |
Steven Fried & Norman Ginsburg |
|
P.S. 116 in School District 32 in Brooklyn, NY, USA |
Grades 4-5 |
The Effect of Learning to Play Chess on Cognitive, Perceptual, & Emotional Development in Children |
Unpublished Paper available from the U.S. Chess Federation |
Self-esteem, Concentration, Behavior |
Carol Ruderman |
1986-1987 |
New Jersey, USA |
Grades 4-7 Special education |
|
Unpublished Paper available from the U.S. Chess Federation |
Thinking & Academic Gains |
Johan Christiaen |
1974-1976 |
Belgium |
Elementary |
Chess and Cognitive Development or Schaken en cognitieve ontwikkeling |
Unpublished Dissertation & Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en haar Grensgebieden. Vol 36(8), Nov (1981). (pp. 561-582) |
Thinking & Intelligence |
Luis Alberto Machado, Minister for the Development of Human Intelligence |
1979-1983 |
Venezuela |
Ages 7-9 |
Learn to Think Project Chess Program |
FIDE Commission for Chess in Schools Report, Annex 13, pp. 1-2. & International Journal of Mental Health. Vol 18(3), Fal (1989). (pp. 5-18). |
Thinking |
Robert Ferguson |
1986 |
Pennsylvania, USA |
Grades 6-12 |
Tri-State Area School Pilot Study |
Unpublished Paper available from the American Chess School |
Thinking |
Philip J. Rifner |
1991-1992 |
Indiana, USA |
High School |
Playing Chess: A Study of Problem-Solving Skills in Students with Average and Above Average Intelligence |
Unpublished Dissertation & Gifted Child Today Magazine, v20 n1 p36-39,48 Jan-Feb 1997 |
Thinking & Creativity |
Robert Ferguson |
1979-1983 |
Pennsylvania, USA |
Grades 7-9 Gifted |
Unpublished Paper & School Mates 1(1) Fall 1983. p. 3. |
|
Thinking, Memory, Reading |
Robert Ferguson |
1987-1988 |
Pennsylvania, USA |
Grade 6 |
New Horizons Online Journal, Vol. VI No. 4* April, May, June 2001 |
About the Author
Dr. Robert Ferguson is the Executive Director of the American Chess School and the Castle Chess Camp. You can contact him at the American Chess School, 140 School Street, Bradford, PA 16701 or by emailing execdir@amchess.org.
Chessville appreciates the consent graciously granted to republish this article which was originally published in the Empire Chess magazine, the official magazine of the NYSCA (New York State Chess Association).
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