Foreign relations of Italy

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Foreign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world.

Located in Europe, Italy, since the unification in 1861, has been considered a major Western power.[1] Its main allies are the NATO countries, the EU member states and the G7 developed nations, three entities of which Italy is a founding member.

Italy has a special relationship with the Roman Catholic Church due the presence of the sovereign territory of the Holy see within his borders: the Vatican City. But it has also a good dialogue with Israel and the Arab world due the number of Jews and Muslims communities in the peninsula. Italy usually plays an important mediation role in the Palestinian conflict and has a lot of troops deployed in the middle east and all over the world for peacekeeping missions and for combating the illegal drug trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism. Italy is currently commanding different multinational forces.[2]

Italy plays also a significant role in the former colonies and territories of the Italian Empire and is considered a key player in its region having the largest economy in the Mediterranean sea.

Italy has important relations also with the other G20 nations, and is trying to open a great partnership with China, like the historical one that it has with Russia. Italy has now difficult relations with the other two BRIC states (India and Brazil), mainly for being the country leader of the Uniting for Consensus but also for the Enrica Lexie incident and for the Italian request of extradition of the terrorist Cesare Battisti.

Risorgimento[edit]

Main article: Italian unification
The stages of Italian unification during 1829–71

The Risorgimento was the era 1830–1870 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. Italians achieved independence from Austria, the House of Bourbon and from the Pope, securing national unification.[3][4]

The papacy called France to resist unification. Pope Pius IX, fearing that giving up control of the Papal States would weaken the Church and allow the liberals to dominate conservative Catholics.[5] However the capture of Rome happened though.

Colonialism[edit]

The Italian Empire[edit]

Leaders of the new nation of Italy were enthusiastic about acquiring colonies in Africa, expecting it would legitimize their status as a power and help unify the people.

Italy developed its own colonial Empire. Italian colonies were Somalia and Eritrea; an attempt to occupy Ethiopia failed in the First Italo–Ethiopian War of 1895–1896. Italy was massively defeated at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. However the territories were conquered later and it was formed an Italian Empire considered a Great Power In 1911 the Italian people supported the seizure of what is now Libya.[6] A centerpiece of the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12, came when Italian forces took control of a few coastal cities against stiff resistance by Ottoman troops as well as the local tribesmen. After the peace treaty gave Italy control it sent in Italian settlers, but suffered extensive casualties in its brutal campaign against the tribes. In 1911, Giovanni Giolitti's government sent forces to occupy Libya and declared war on the Ottoman Empire which held Libya. Italy soon conquered and annexed Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. Nationalists advocated Italy's domination of the Mediterranean Sea by occupying Greece as well as the Adriatic coastal region of Dalmatia.[7][8]

Fascism[edit]

Italy won WWI as one of the main four winners but then fell into Fascism dictatorship probably for the general view of a mutilated victory. Benito Mussolini tried to develop an independent foreign-policy in the 1930s, but he alienated Britain and France with his invasion of Ethiopia, and became a partner of Nazi Germany with his support of the anti-Communist position in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Italy's joining the Axis partnership with Germany and Japan did not require it to go to war, but as France collapsed in 1940 it entered the Second World War and gained a slice of French territory. Its wartime performance in the Balkans was poor, and required assistance from Germany. Its performance against the British in North Africa was dismal, and despite large-scale German help, its army was forced to surrender in 1943. Italy was too poorly organized, and militarily too weak, even if it was a major axis power, to play a decisive role in the Second World War, and when the British, the Americans, and their Allies invaded Sicily and southern Italy in 1943. Mussolini's failures became obvious and he was overthrown. Germany invaded the peninsula, rescued Mussolini from prison, and set him up in a puppet regime in the north that fought alongside the Germans against the Allies and against the Italian resistance[9]

Civil War[edit]

Republican Era[edit]

As the war ended, the Italian economy was in ruins but it after enjoys an economic miracle. Italy promoted European unity, joined NATO, and became an active member of the European Union.[10]

In the 21st century there is a new topic of foreign-policy: the large scale arrival of illegal immigrants from Africa and the Middle East.[11]

Relations by region and country[edit]

Europe[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 1912 See Albania–Italy relations

The Kingdom of Italy supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
Arbëreshë people
Italian protectorate over Albania
Italian invasion of Albania
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
Italian colonists in Albania

  • Albania has an embassy in Rome and a Consulate General in Bari and Milan.
  • Italy has an embassy in Tirana and Consulates in Gjirokastër, Shkodra, Vlora.
  • Italy and Albania share similar historical, political and cultural backgrounds.[12]
  • Albania is home to 20,000 Italian migrants and has a 5,000 Italian indigenous community.[13]
  • Italy is home to indigenous Arbereshe community, including up to 900,000 Albanian immigrants.[14]
  • Italian is the third most spoken language of Albania, after Albanian and Greek.[15]
  • Italy is considered one of Albania's strongest allies especially within the European Union.
  • Albanian is a prominent language in Italy with Albanian immigrants speaking Albanian in large numbers on top of the over 800,000 Italians who speak the Arbereshe dialect of Albanian.[15]
 Andorra

Italy is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Madrid (Spain) and an honorary consulate in Andorra La Vella.
 Austria See Austria–Italy relations

Austria has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan and 10 honorary consulates (in Bari, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Palermo, Trieste, Turin, Venice and Verona). Italy has an embassy in Vienna, a consulate in Innsbruck, and 5 honorary consulates (in Graz, Klagenfurt, Linz, Rankweil and Salzburg).
 Belarus
  • Belarus has an embassy in Rome and 2 honorary consulates (in Naples and Turin).[16]
  • Italy has an embassy in Minsk.[17]
 Belgium
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria 1879 See Bulgaria–Italy relations
 Croatia 1992-01-17 See Croatia–Italy relations
  • Croatia has an embassy in Rome, 2 general consulates (in Milan and Trieste), and 5 honorary consulates (in Bari, Florence, Montemitro, Naples, and Padua).[19]
  • Italy has an embassy in Zagreb, a general consulate in Rijeka, a consulate in Split and 2 honorary consulates (in Buje and Pula).[20]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • There are around 19,500 people of Italian descent living in Croatia.
  • There are 21,360 Croats living in Italy.
 Cyprus
 Czech Republic
 Denmark See Denmark-Italy relations
 Estonia
 Finland See Foreign relations of Finland
 France See France–Italy relations
 Germany See Germany–Italy relations
 Greece 1861 See Greece–Italy relations

In modern times, both countries established diplomatic relations in 1861, immediately upon Italy’s unification.
 Holy See See Holy See – Italy relations

Due to the size of the Vatican City State, embassies accredited to the Holy See are based on Italian territory. Treaties signed between Italy and the Vatican City State permit such embassages. The Embassy of Italy to the Holy See is unique amongst foreign embassages in that it is the only embassy based on its home territory.

The Holy See maintains formal diplomatic relations with 176 sovereign states, the European Union, and the Order of Malta; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome, though those countries than have two embassies in the same city, since, by agreement between the Holy See and Italy, the same person cannot be accredited simultaneously to both. This is shown clearly by the fact that Italy recognizes the People's Republic of China, and as such, the Chinese Embassy is in Rome. However, the Vatican City State recognizes the Taiwan, and as such, Taiwan's Embassy to the Holy See is also in Rome. As Italy was the first country to recognize the Holy See as a sovereign nation, their embassy was the first one established.
 Hungary
 Iceland
 Ireland
 Kosovo See Italian–Kosovan relations

Italy recognized Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[42][43] Italy has an embassy in Pristina since 15 May 2008.[44] Kosovo will open an embassy in Rome.
 Latvia 1991-08-30
 Liechtenstein
  • Italy is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland)
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg 1902
 Malta See Italy–Malta relations
 Moldova See Moldova-Italy relations
 Monaco See Italy-Monaco relations
 Montenegro 2006-06-14
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Poland 1919 See Italy–Poland relations
 Republic of Macedonia 1991
  • Italy has an embassy in Skopje
 Portugal

Italy has an embassy in Lisbon and consulates in Faro, Funchal and Oporto
 Romania 1873-04-23
 Russia See Italy–Russia relations

Russia has an embassy in Rome and consulates in Genoa, Milan and Palermo, and Italy has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate in Saint Petersburg, two consulte generals (in Ekaterinburg and Kaliningrad), and two embassy branches in (Samara and Volgograd). Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Russia enjoys close relations with Italy. In 2006, Russia and Italy have signed a protocol of cooperation for fighting crime and defending civil liberties. There are close commercial ties between the two countries. Italy is Russia's second important commercial partner in the EU, after Germany. and its state-owned energy company, ENI, has recently signed a very important long-term contract with Gazprom, to import Russian gas into Italy.

The relationship between Russia and Italy goes back a long way. Already in the 1960s, Italy's FIAT built a car-assembling plant in the Soviet city of Tolyatti (a city named after the Italian Communist Party's secretary Palmiro Togliatti). Russians have always visited Italy in great numbers. Many Russian students come to Italy each year to study arts and music.[citation needed] Unlike many other Western European countries, Italy has traditionally always maintained good relationships with Russia, even during the Soviet era.[citation needed] In particular, the Silvio Berlusconi Government (2001–2006) strengthened Italy's ties with Russia, due to his personal friendship with President Vladimir Putin. Cooperation extends also to the aviation sector, between Italy's Alenia and Russia's Sukhoi, who are jointly developing a new aircraft. Finally, for a long time Italy had the largest communist party in the Western world, with over 2 million members. .[61]
 San Marino
 Serbia 1879
Main article: Italy–Serbia relations
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
Main article: Italy–Slovenia relations
 Spain See Italy–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations.
 Sweden
  Switzerland See Switzerland – Italy relations
 Ukraine 1992
 United Kingdom See Italy – United Kingdom relations

Although enemies during World War II, the United Kingdom and Italy have generally enjoyed a warm and friendly relationship throughout history. Both states embrace membership of the European Union, NATO, OSCE and the G8[65]

Between 4 and 5 million British tourists visit Italy every year, while 1 million Italian tourists visit the UK.[66] There are about 19,000 British nationals living in Italy, and 150,000 Italians living in the UK.[67]

Americas[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 1837 See Argentina–Italy relations
 Brazil 1861
 Canada 1929
 Chile 1864 See Chile–Italy relations
 Colombia 1847 See Colombia–Italy relations
 Mexico 1874 See Italy–Mexico relations
 Paraguay 1867
 Peru 1874-12-23
 United States 1861–04-11 See Italy–United States relations

The United States enjoy a peculiar relation with Italy, as the latter, defeated in WWII, has been a secret battlefield of the Cold War. Italy and the US are NATO allies and cooperate in the United Nations, in various regional organizations, and bilaterally. Italy has worked closely with the United States and with other nations on such issues as NATO and UN operations as well as with assistance to Russia and the New Independent States; the Middle East peace process; multilateral talks.

Under longstanding bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts important U.S. military forces at Vicenza and Livorno (army); Aviano (air force); and Sigonella, Gaeta, and Naples- home port for the U.S. Navy Sixth Fleet. The United States still has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. The NATO War College is situated at Cecchignola, near Rome.

Also, investigations continue about the killing of Italian Military Intelligence service officer Nicola Calipari by United States troops during the liberation of Giuliana Sgrena and about the abduction and torture of terrorism suspect Abu Omar by CIA agents.[citation needed]
 Uruguay 1861 See Italy–Uruguay relations

Asia and Africa[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Egypt See Egypt–Italy relations

Relations between both countries were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However in World War II, relations were strained as Italy invaded Egypt. However after the war, relations were re-established and are close. Egypt has representations in Rome and Milan, while Italy has representations in Cairo and Alexandria, also the two nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
 Iran See Iran–Italy relations

Iran-Italy trade stood at $US 2.7 Billion in 2001 [1] and 3.852 Billion Euros in 2003.[2] In 2005, Italy was the third largest trading partner of Iran with 7.5% of all exports to Iran.[3] Italy was the top trading partner of Iran in the European Union in early 2006.[91] Commercial exchanges hit 6 billion euros in 2008.[92] Although Italy harbors a large population of members of the MKO as do many European Union states, Italy officially considers the group a terrorist organization. [4]
 Iraq See Iraq–Italy relations

Iraq has an embassy in Rome and Italy has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Basra.
 Israel 1948 See Israel–Italy relations
 Kenya 1963
  • Relations were formally established after Kenya gained its independence from British rule.
  • Italy has an embassy in Nairobi and 2 counsulates in Malindi and Mombasa.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Rome.
 Lebanon See Italy–Lebanon relations
 Libya 1947, 2011 See Italy–Libya relations
 Somalia See Italy–Somalia relations
 South Africa 1929
 Tunisia 1957
 Turkey 1856

Asia and Oceania[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Bangladesh ~1972

Relations between two countries have been wonderful. Bangladesh is a huge import market for Italy. Italy has an embassy in Dhaka. Bangladesh has an Embassy in Rome.
 Afghanistan ~1919
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Rome,[104] which was established as a legation in 1921, and was upgraded to embassy in 1960.[105] Italy has an embassy in Kabul.[106]
  • Italy was among the first nations to recognise Afghanistan's sovereignty, following the 1919 recognition by the Soviet Union.[107]
  • Following Germany's 1935 closening with Afghanistan, Italy also established close relations. Afghanistan resisted calls from Moscow and London to expel the Italian and German diplomatic corps for most of World War II.[108]
  • Italy has served as a place of exile for two former Afghan kings, Amanullah Khan (deposed 1929) and Mohammed Zahir Shah (deposed 1973).
 Armenia
 Australia See Australia–Italy relations
 Azerbaijan See Azerbaijan–Italy relations
 Georgia See Georgia–Italy relations
 India See Foreign relations of India#Italy
 Indonesia 1952 See Indonesia–Italy relations
  • Both nations have shown strong desire to improve their relations, especially in intercultural understanding and trade.[119]
  • Indonesia recognizes Italy's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region, while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia, and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia.[120]
  • The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities; European Union and ASEAN, but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog.[121]
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Rome, that also accredited to Malta, Cyprus, San Marino, while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Japan 1867-03-31
 Malaysia See Italy–Malaysia relations
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
  • Pakistan and Italy enjoy close relationship in all fields. Both countries formally have friendly foreign relations.[130] There are over 100,000 Pakistanis living in Italy, mainly living in Milan and Brescia.[131]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Rome and a Consulate-General in Milan for representation
  • Italy maintains an embassy in Islamabad, a Consulate-General in Karachi and an honorary consulate in Lahore.
 People's Republic of China 1970 See People's Republic of China – Italy relations

In 2005, Italy and the People's Republic of China have celebrated the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, China's massive exports of textile and footwear into Italy are said to be a rising concern to Italy's economy and productivity.[132]
 Philippines 1947 See Italy–Philippines relations
  • Italy and the Philippines bilateral and diplomatic relations is established in 1947. A Treaty of Friendship which was signed in Rome and ratified on December 1948. Italy has an embassy in Manila and the Philippines has an embassy in Rome.
 South Korea 1956-11-24 See Italy – South Korea relations
 Thailand 1870
 Vietnam 1973-03-23

Balkans[edit]

Italy is part of the Balkans contact group with USA, Russia, France, UK and Germany.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/catalogue/3303331600596/index.shtml
  2. ^ (Italian) Documento programmatico pluriennale per la Difesa per il triennio 2014-2016. Italian Ministry of Defence, August 2014.
  3. ^ Martin Collier, Italian Unification 1820-71 (2003)
  4. ^ Taylor, Struggle for Mastery pp 99-125
  5. ^ E.E.Y. Hales (1954). Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century. 
  6. ^ Giuseppe Maria Finaldi, Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa: Italy's African Wars in the Era of Nation-Building, 1870-1900 (2010)
  7. ^ Richard Bosworth, Italy: The Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the First World War (1979)
  8. ^ William C. Askew, Europe and Italy's Acquisition of Libya, 1911-1912 (1942) online
  9. ^ Stephen Corrado Azzi, "The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy," Historical Journal (1993) 36#1 pp. 187-203 in JSTOR
  10. ^ Sara Lorenzini, "The roots of a 'statesman': De Gasperi's foreign policy," Modern Italy (2009) 14#4 pp 473-484.
  11. ^ Elisabetta Brighi, "Europe, the USA and the 'policy of the pendulum': the importance of foreign policy paradigms in the foreign policy of Italy (1989-2005)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans (2007) 9#2 pp 99-115
  12. ^ http://www.fp6migratoryflows.uniba.it/html/AlbanianCulturalProfile.pdf
  13. ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-27733135
  14. ^ Arbëreshë people
  15. ^ a b http://www.initaly.com/regions/ethnic/arberesh.htm
  16. ^ Belarussian embassy in Rome (in Italian and Russian only)
  17. ^ Italian embassy in Minsk (in Italian and Russian only)
  18. ^ Belgian embassy in Rome (in Dutch, French and Italian only)
  19. ^ Italian embassy in Brussels
  20. ^ Italian general consulate in Charleroi
  21. ^ Italian general consulate in Liège (in French and Italian only)
  22. ^ Italian consulate in Genk (in Dutch and Italian only)
  23. ^ Italian consulate in Mons (in French and Italian only)
  24. ^ Bulgarian general consulate in Milan
  25. ^ Bulgarian embassy in Rome
  26. ^ Italian embassy in Sofia.
  27. ^ Italian embassy in Nicosia
  28. ^ Czech embassy in Rome
  29. ^ Czech general consulate in Milan
  30. ^ Italian embassy in Prague
  31. ^ Estonian embassy in Rome
  32. ^ Italian embassy in Tallinn
  33. ^ Italian Embassy in Helsinki
  34. ^ Finnish Embassy in Rome
  35. ^ Hungarian embassy in Rome (in Hungarian and Italian only)
  36. ^ Hungarian general consulate in Milan (in Hungarian and Italian only)
  37. ^ Italian embassy in Budapest (in Hungarian and Italian only)
  38. ^ Icelandic embassy in Paris (also accredited to Italy)
  39. ^ Italian embassy in Oslo (also accredited to Iceland)
  40. ^ "Irish embassy in Rome". Embassyofireland.it. 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2010-10-24. 
  41. ^ "Italian embassy in Dublin". Ambdublino.esteri.it. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2010-10-24. 
  42. ^ "Consiglio dei Ministri n. 93 del 21 febbraio 2008" (in Italian). Italian Council of Ministers. 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 
  43. ^ "Kosovo, Italia riconosce indipendenza" (in Italian). La Stampa. 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 
  44. ^ "Italy appoints Ambassador to Kosovo" newkosovareport.com 16 May 2008 Link accessed 15/05/08
  45. ^ Italian embassy in Riga
  46. ^ Latvian embassy in Rome
  47. ^ Italian embassy in Vilnius
  48. ^ Lithuanian embassy in Rome
  49. ^ Italian embassy in Luxembourg City (in French and Italian only)
  50. ^ Luxembourg embassy in Rome (in Italian only)
  51. ^ Dutch representations in Italy
  52. ^ Dutch embassy in Rome (in Dutch and Italian only)
  53. ^ Dutch general consulate in Milan(in Dutch and Italian only)
  54. ^ Italian embassy in The Hague (in Dutch and Italian only)
  55. ^ Italian general consulate in Amsterdam (in Dutch and Italian only)
  56. ^ Italian embassy in Warsaw
  57. ^ Poland embassy in Rome
  58. ^ Italian embassy in Bucharest
  59. ^ Romanian embassy in Rome (in Italian and Romanian only)
  60. ^
  61. ^ Italy, Russia sign 'protocol of cooperation' - Pravda.Ru
  62. ^ Italian embassy in Belgrade (in Italian and Serbian only)
  63. ^ Italian embassy in Kiev (in Italian and Ukrainian only)
  64. ^ Ukrainian embassy in Rome (in Italian and Ukrainian only)
  65. ^ Embassy of Italy in London: Political Cooperation
  66. ^ Italy Country Profile, Foreign and Commonwealth Office
  67. ^ Bilateral Relations British Embassy, Italy
  68. ^ Embassy of Argentina in Rome (in Spanish)
  69. ^ Consulate-General of Argentina in Milan (in Italian and Spanish)
  70. ^ Embassy of Italy in Buenos Aires (in Italian and Spanish)
  71. ^ Embassy of Brazil in Rome (in Italian and Portuguese)
  72. ^ Consulate-General of Brazil in Milan (in Italian and Portuguese)
  73. ^ Embassy of Italy in Brasilia (in Italian and Portuguese)
  74. ^ Canadian embassy in Rome
  75. ^ Italian embassy in Ottawa
  76. ^ Italian general consulates in Toronto
  77. ^ Italian general consulates in Vancouver
  78. ^ Embassy of Chile in Rome (in English and Spanish)
  79. ^ Embassy of Italy in Santiago (in Italian and Spanish)
  80. ^ http://italia.embajada.gov.co/en
  81. ^ http://www.ambbogota.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Bogota
  82. ^ http://www.ambbogota.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Bogota/Menu/Ambasciata/La_rete_consolare/
  83. ^ Embassy of Mexico in Rome (in Italian and Spanish)
  84. ^ Consulate of Mexico in Milan (in Italian and Spanish)
  85. ^ Embassy of Italy in Mexico City (in Italian and Spanish)
  86. ^ Italian embassy in Asuncion
  87. ^ Paraguay embassy in Rome (in Spanish only)
  88. ^ Embassy of Italy in Lima (in Italian and Spanish)
  89. ^ Embassy of Peru in Rome (in Italian and Spanish)
  90. ^ Italian embassy in Montevideo (in Italian and Spanish only)
  91. ^ Italy remains top trading partner of Iran in EU
  92. ^ Iran-daily.com
  93. ^ Italian general consulates in West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem
  94. ^ Italian embassy in Tel Aviv
  95. ^ Israeli embassy in Rome (in Italian only)
  96. ^ (Italian) Lebanese Embassy in Italy
  97. ^ Italian embassy in Tripoli
  98. ^ Italian embassy in Pretoria
  99. ^ Italian consulate in Cape Town
  100. ^ South African embassy in Rome
  101. ^ Italian embassy in Tunis (in French and Italian only)
  102. ^ Italian embassy in Ankara
  103. ^ Turkish embassy in Rome
  104. ^ Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Italy
  105. ^ Embassy history, Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Italy
  106. ^ Embassy of Italy in Kabul
  107. ^ Amin Saikal, Ravan Farhadi, Kirill Nourzhanov. Modern Afghanistan: a history of struggle and survival. I.B.Tauris, 2006. ISBN 1-84511-316-0, ISBN 978-1-84511-316-2. Pg 64
  108. ^ Tom Lansford. A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003 ISBN 0-7546-3615-1, ISBN 978-0-7546-3615-1. Pg 2
  109. ^ Armenian embassy in Rome
  110. ^ Italian embassy in Yerevan
  111. ^ Australian embassy in Rome
  112. ^ Italian embassy in Canberra
  113. ^ Italian general consulate in Sydney
  114. ^ Italian general consulate in Perth
  115. ^ Azerbaijani embassy in Italy
  116. ^ Italian embassy in Azerbaijan
  117. ^ Georgian embassy in Rome
  118. ^ Italian embassy in Tbilissi
  119. ^ png/dic (June 2, 2012). "Italy to boost relations with RI, honors 3 Indonesians". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 June 2013. 
  120. ^ "Italy-Indonesia: possible trade increase from $4.5 to 25 billion - partnership for major investments, says Terzi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013. 
  121. ^ Mathias Hariyadi (2012-04-24). "Jakarta and Rome promoting interfaith dialogue to counter extremism". Asia News. Retrieved 14 June 2013. 
  122. ^ Italian embassy in Tokyo (in Italian and Japanese only)
  123. ^ Italian general consulate in Osaka
  124. ^ Japanese embassy in Rome (in Italian and Japanese only)
  125. ^ Japanese general consulate in Milan (in Italian and Japanese only)
  126. ^ "Ambasciata d' Italia a Kuala Lumpur" (in Italian). Ambasciata d' Italia a Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved 13 January 2014. 
  127. ^ "Malaysia Embassy In Rome". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 13 January 2014. 
  128. ^ Italian embassy in Wellington
  129. ^ New Zealand embassy in Rome
  130. ^ Pakistantimes.net
  131. ^ Idea.int
  132. ^ People's Daily Online - China-Italy relations experiencing "powerful acceleration": Fini
  133. ^ Italian embassy in Bangkok
  134. ^ Thai embassy in Rome
  135. ^ Italian embassy in Hanoi

Further reading[edit]

  • Azzi, Stephen Corrado. "The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy," Historical Journal (1993) 36#1 pp. 187–203 in JSTOR
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy: The Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the First World War (1979)
  • Bosworth, Richard. Mussolini (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Burgwyn, H. James. Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918-1940 (1997) excerpt and text search
  • Cassels, Alan. Italian Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (1997)
  • Chabod, Federico. Italian Foreign Policy (1996) excerpt and text search
  • Faherty, Douglas M. Italian Foreign Policy: Trends for the Twenty-First Century (2012) excerpt
  • Gooch, John. Mussolini and his Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940 (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Lowe, C. J. and F. Marzari. Italian Foreign Policy, 1870-1940 (2001)
  • * Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, Italy’s Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Maurizio Marinelli, “The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik”. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536-556.
  • Smith, Denis Mack. Modern Italy: A Political History (1997)
  • Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954), covers all European diplomacy
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